We recommend further research on EMF as a useful factor in neurorehabilitation.Elucidating the chemical structure of soil organic matter (SOM) is important for accurately evaluating the stability and function of SOM. Aboveground vegetation directly affects the quantity and quality of exogenous organic matter input into the soil through plant residues and root exudates, which in turn affects soil microbial species, community structure, and activity, and ultimately impacts the chemical structure of SOM. 2-Propylvaleric Acid In this study, a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance technique was used to analyze the chemical structure characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under various rates of straw returning combined with rotary tillage and under full straw mulching. The results showed that full straw returning with rotary tillage and full straw mulching more effectively increased the SOC content than reduced rate of straw returning (1/2 and 1/3 of full straw) with rotary tillage. The contents of alkyl C and alkoxy C in the functional groups of SOC under various straw returning treatments were increased compared with those under the treatment of maize stubble remaining in soil (CK). Furthermore, the contents of aromatic C and carboxyl C were decreased, which were consistent with the chemical shift changes of SOC. Compared with CK treatment, straw returning decreased the content of aromatic C in the functional groups of SOC, but increased the content of alkoxy C, which could be associated with the change in integral areas of absorption peaks of alkyl C and alkoxy C moving toward left and right, respectively. The content of total SOC was significantly positively (P  less then  0.05) correlated with that of alkoxy C and significantly negatively (P  less then  0.01) correlated with that of aromatic C. The molecular structure of SOC tends to be simplified due to the decreasing in refractory C and the increasing in easily decomposed C after straw returning to the field.Cognitive impairments in learning and memory are core symptoms of schizophrenia, associated with reduced self-reported quality of life. The most effective treatment of cognitive impairments is drill and practice cognitive training. Still, to date no study has investigated the effect of varying the frequency of training on cognitive outcomes. Here we utilized a verbal memory based language learning task, tapping into implicit cognitive processes, to investigate the role of training intensity on learning rates in individuals with schizophrenia. Data from 47 participants across two studies was utilized, one with a daily training regimen over 5 days and the other with a more intensive schedule of 5 sessions delivered over 2 days. The primary outcome measure was the change in implicit learning performance across five sessions, quantified with the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). Participants in the daily training group showed improved performance compared to the intensive group only at session 4. This is the first study to show that implicit learning rates are influenced by training intensity, with daily sessions outperforming a more intensive regimen; a period of consolidation overnight may be necessary to optimize cognitive training for individuals with schizophrenia.Males and females are subject to differences in cognitive processing strategies, i.e. the way males and females solve cognitive tasks. So far primarily reported for younger adults, this seems to be especially important in older adults, who also show sex differences in cognitive impairments. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the older adult population with respect to cognitive profiles derived from a large variety of cognitive functions. Using an exploratory component analysis with consecutive confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 676 older adults, neuropsychological performance data in a variety of cognitive domains was decomposed into cognitive components. A general cognitive profile based on the whole group fits unequally well on the two sexes. Importantly, cognitive profiles based on either males or females differ in terms of their composition of cognitive components, i.e. three components in males versus four components in females, with a generally better model fit in females. Thus, related to the established differences in processing styles between males and females the current study found a rather decomposed (or local) cognitive profile in females while males seem to show a holistic (or global) cognitive profile, with more interrelations between different cognitive functions.Drug delivery in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma is significantly limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound (FUS), when combined with the administration of microbubbles can effectively open the BBB permitting the entry of drugs across the cerebrovasculature into the brainstem. Given that the utility of FUS in brainstem malignancies remains unknown, the purpose of our study was to determine the safety and feasibility of this technique in a murine pontine glioma model. A syngeneic orthotopic model was developed by stereotactic injection of PDGF-B+PTEN-/-p53-/- murine glioma cells into the pons of B6 mice. A single-element, spherical-segment 1.5 MHz ultrasound transducer driven by a function generator through a power amplifier was used with concurrent intravenous microbubble injection for tumor sonication. Mice were randomly assigned to control, FUS and double-FUS groups. Pulse and respiratory rates were continuously monitored during treatment. BBB opening was confirmed with gadolinium-enhanced MRI and Evans blue. Kondziela inverted screen testing and sequential weight lifting measured motor function before and after sonication. A subset of animals were treated with etoposide following ultrasound. Mice were either sacrificed for tissue analysis or serially monitored for survival with daily weights. FUS successfully caused BBB opening while preserving normal cardiorespiratory and motor function. Furthermore, the degree of intra-tumoral hemorrhage and inflammation on H&E in control and treated mice was similar. There was also no difference in weight loss and survival between the groups (p > 0.05). Lastly, FUS increased intra-tumoral etoposide concentration by more than fivefold. FUS is a safe and feasible technique for repeated BBB opening and etoposide delivery in a preclinical pontine glioma model.