Human immune cell toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide a novel chance for the development of the vaccine adjuvant engaging TLR signaling. A library of peptides was developed and peptides structure was generated through homology modeling and refinement. Further, these peptides were subjected to receptor-ligand interaction study against human immune cell TLRs using Schrödinger-suite software. Here, we identified the most potent ligands for each human immune cell receptor and identified it as a potent adjuvant. This work portrays the ability of binding of different known protein adjuvants with human TLRs 1--10. The significance of the study deals with the identification of adjuvant (ligand) for human TLRs individually which assist in the development of the optimal highly immunogenic vaccine. We previously reported endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG in combination with β-glucosidase BGL2 at low concentration induced stipe cell wall extension. This study further explored ENG could be replaced by endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase ENG16A in combination with BGL2 to induce stipe cell wall extension; similarly, BGL2 could be replaced by β-glucosidase BGL1 to cooperate with ENG to induce stipe cell wall extension. However, ENG could not be replaced by exo-β-1,3-glucanase EXG in combination with BGL2 to induce stipe cell wall extension, although EXG alone released higher level of soluble sugars from the stipe cell walls during the reconstituted wall extension than that released from the stipe cell walls by a combination of ENG16A or ENG and BGL2 or BGL1, which was different from chitinase-mediated stipe cell wall extension. C1632 chemical structure These results indicate endo-β-1,3-glucanases loosen the stipe cell wall, whereas exo-β-1,3-glucanases and β-glucosidases play a synergistic role to maintain a low and efficient concentration of endo-β-1,3-glucanases for stipe cell wall extension. Furthermore, ENG was expressed at a very high level in the matured pilei, in contrast, ENG16A was expressed at a very high level in the elongating apical stipe. Therefore, ENG16A might be involved in stipe elongation growth, while ENG might participate in autolysis of pilei. V.In this paper, three purified Mori Fructus (M. Fructus) polysaccharides (MFP-1, MFP-2 and MFP-3) were successfully obtained from M. Fructus. Structural modification methods, including oxidative degradated, sulfated and carboxymethylated modification, were conducted and nine MFPs derivatives were obtained. The molecular structures of MFPs were studied and the results showed that MFP-1, MFP-2 and MFP-3, mainly composed of Ara, Gal, Rha, Glc and GalA, with a molecular weight approximately of 20.93 kDa, 56.23 kDa and 118.76 kDa, respectively. FT-IR spectrum of these MFPs all revealed the characteristic polysaccharide absorption bands, while the MFPs derivatives also exhibited some differences due to the structure modification. Hepatoprotective activities tests showed that MFP derivatives could significantly improve the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity by comparing with the native MFP. And among them, the C-MFP exhibited higher protection effect than the other two modification derivatives. V.In this study, improvement of urea and creatinine permeability of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane by coating with synthesized tripolyphosphate-crosslinked chitosan (TPP-CS) has been conducted. Original and modified membranes, e.g. pristine PES, polyethersulfone-polyethylene glycol (PES-PEG) and PES-PEG/TPP-CS membranes were characterized using FTIR, DTG, SEM, AFM, water uptake, contact angles, porosity measurement, tensile strength test and permeation tests against urea and creatinine. The results show that the PES modification by TPP-CS coating has been successfully carried out. The water uptake ability, hydrophilicity and porosity of the modified membranes increase significantly to a greater degree. All modified membranes have good thermal stability and tensile strength and their permeation ability towards urea and creatinine increase with the increasing concentration of TPP-CS. PES membrane has urea clearance ability of 7.36 mg/dL and creatinine of 0.014 mg/dL; membrane PES-PEG shows urea clearance of 11.87 mg/dL and creatinine of 0.32 mg/dL; while PES-PEG/TPP-CS membrane gives urea clearance of 20.87-36.40 mg/dL and creatinine in the range of 0.52-0.78 mg/dL. These results suggest that the PES-PEG membrane coated with TPP-CS is superior and can be used as potential material for hemodialysis membrane. NPC1 is a large glycoprotein with 13 transmembrane-spanning domains, which plays a crucial biological role in cholesterol transport and metamorphosis of animals. However, the physiological functions of this gene have rarely been elucidated in insects. Here, we isolated the NPC1 gene from Bombyx mori (BmNPC1), sequenced and evaluated its physiological functions. BmNPC1 comprised of 3702 bp open reading frame, encoding a protein of 1233 amino acid residues. The recombinant protein was expressed, and anti-BmNPC1 antibodies were synthesized. Immunofluorescence assay revealed that BmNPC1 protein localized in the cytoplasm of the cells. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that BmNPC1 expression was most significant in the testis, followed by the malpighian tubules, hemocytes, and ovary. The knockdown of BmNPC1 by double-stranded RNA caused the accumulation of cholesterol in the cells. Furthermore, suppression of this gene influenced the expression of ecdysone-responsive genes and also prevented the molting in B. mori (Dazao) larvae. Overall, BmNPC1 may have different biological roles in the physiology of silkworm, B. mori (Dazao), since it regulates the cholesterol transport and molting process. Three heteroaryl pyrazole derivatives; namely 1-phenyl-3-(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, 1-phenyl-3-(furan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and 1-phenyl-3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde were synthesized and reacted with chitosan to form Schiff bases of chitosan. All newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by solubility tests, elemental analysis, spectral (FTIR, 1H NMR) analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Schiff bases were screened for their biological activity against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia), gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) and fungi (Asperagillus fumigatus and Candida albican). The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity was dependent on the type of the Schiff base moiety. Cytotoxicity of the prepared chitosan derivatives was evaluated by MTT assay and the results indicated the absence of cytotoxic activity. V.