Thus, the proposed space-frequency localized approach of spatial filtering helps to deliver better classification result which is consistently 3-5% higher than traditional methods. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-assis a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-interview-assis the interview with the author. this website © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-gochanour a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-interview-kowdley an interview with the author. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-mayo a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-interview-mayo an interview with the author https//www.wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity/7058616/disclaimerspopup.aspx questions and earn CME. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-hirschfield a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-interview-hirschfield an interview with the author https//www.wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity/7058609/disclaimerspopup.aspx questions and earn CME. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-mack a video presentation of this article. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-louie a video presentation of this article. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-santiago a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-interview-levy an interview with the author https//www.wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity/7058605/disclaimerspopup.aspx quertions and earn CME. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-reading-chiang a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-3-interview-chiang an interview with the author. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Isolated partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is an uncommon congenital heart anomaly that is sporadically associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the adult population. The diagnosis and therapy for this condition are challenging. We report on three cases of patients with unexpected severe precapillary pulmonary hypertension in single PAPVC treated with an upfront pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific combination therapy. Our cases indicate that the combination of PAPVC and pulmonary comorbidities may trigger the development of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. The initiation of pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted combination therapy revealed to be a safe and efficacious strategy for patients with PAPVC-associated severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. © The Author(s) 2020.It has been generally accepted that severe forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension are associated with inflammation. Plasma levels in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension show elevated levels of interleukins and mediators of inflammation and histologically the diseased small pulmonary arterioles show infiltrates of inflammatory and immune cells. Here, we review the literature that connects pulmonary hypertension with the arachidonic acid/5-lipoxygenase-derived leukotriens. This mostly preclinical background data together with the availability of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and leukotriene receptor blockers provide the rationale for testing the hypothesis that 5-lipoxygenase products contribute to the pathobiology of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in a subgroup of patients. © The Author(s) 2020.Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is caused by mechanical obstruction of large pulmonary arteries secondary to one or more episodes of pulmonary embolism. Ventilation perfusion scan is the recommended initial screening test for this condition and typically shows multiple large mismatched perfusion defects. However, not all patients with an abnormal ventilation perfusion scan have CTEPH since there are other conditions that be associated with a positive ventilation perfusion scan. These conditions include in situ thrombosis, pulmonary artery sarcoma, fibrosing mediastinitis, pulmonary vasculitis and sarcoidosis, among others. Although these conditions cannot be distinguished from CTEPH using a ventilation perfusion scan, they have certain characteristic radiological features that can be demonstrated on other imaging techniques such as computed tomography scan and can help in differentiation of these conditions. In this review, we have summarized some key clinical and radiological features that can help differentiate CTEPH from the CTEPH mimics. © The Author(s) 2020.Background Exocytosis is a process by which vesicles are transported to and fused with specific areas of the plasma membrane. Although several studies have shown that sphingolipids are the main components of exocytic compartments, whether they control exocytosis process is unclear. Results Here, we have investigated the role of sphingolipids in exocytosis by reducing the activity of the serine palmitoyl-transferase (SPT), which catalyzes the first step in sphingolipid synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum. We found that the exocyst polarity and exocytic secretion were impaired in lcb1-100 mutant cells and in wild type cells treated with myriocin, a chemical which can specifically inhibit SPT enzyme activity, suggesting that sphingolipids controls exocytic secretion. This speculation was further confirmed by immuno-fluorescence and electron microscopy results that small secretory vesicles were accumulated in lcb1-100 mutant cells. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that sphingolipids are required for exocytosis.