Anaesthesiologists are prone to patient safety situations after which second victim symptoms can occur. In international literature, a majority of these second victims indicated that they were emotionally affected in the aftermath of a patient safety incident (PSI) and received little institutional support after these events. To study the current second victim support structures in anaesthesia departments in Belgium. An observational cross-sectional survey. Belgian anaesthesiologists and anaesthesiologists in training were contacted through e-mail from May 27th until 15 July 2020. In total, 456 participants completed the online survey. 73.7% (n = 336) of the participants encountered a PSI during the last year of their medical practice. 80.9% (n = 368) of respondents answered that they do discuss incidents with their colleagues. 18.0% (n = 82) discussed all incidents. 19.3% (n = 88) admitted that these incidents are never discussed in their department. 15.4% of participants (n = 70) experienced or thour staff functioning with an experienced positive or neutral culture during these meetings in 84.6%. Psychological safety within the anaesthesiology departments is globally good; however, it could and should be optimized. This optimization process warrants further investigations in the future.Phylogenies are increasingly being used as a basis to provide insight into macroevolutionary history. Here, we use simulation experiments and empirical analyses to evaluate methods that use phylogenies as a basis to make estimates of divergence times and rates of diversification. This is the first study to present a comprehensive assessment of the key variables that underpin analyses in this field - including substitution rates, speciation rates, and extinction, plus character sampling and taxon sampling. We show that in unrealistically simplistic cases (where substitution rates and speciation rates are constant, and where there is no extinction), increased character and taxon sampling lead to more accurate and precise parameter estimates. By contrast, in more complex but realistic cases (where substitution rates, speciation rates, and extinction rates vary), gains in accuracy and precision from increased character and taxon sampling are far more limited. The lack of accuracy and precision even occurs when using methods that are designed to account for more complex cases, such as relaxed clocks, fossil calibrations, and models that allow speciation rates and extinction rates to vary. The problem also persists when analysing genomic scale datasets. These results suggest two interrelated problems that occur when the processes that generated the data are more complex. First, methodological assumptions are more likely to be violated. Second, limitations in the information content of the data become more important.Creativity is an important source of success in soccer players. In order to be effective in soccer, unpredictable, sudden and at the same time creative (i.e., unique, original, and effective) ideas are required in situations with high time pressure. Accordingly, creative task performance in soccer should be primarily driven by rapid and automatic cognitive processes. This study investigated if functional patterns of brain activation during the observation/encoding of real soccer game situations can predict creative soccer task performance. A machine learning approach (multivariate pattern recognition) was applied in a sample of 35 experienced male soccer players. Results revealed that brain activation during the observation of the soccer scenes significantly predicted creative soccer task performance, while brain activation during the subsequent ideation/elaboration period did not. The identified brain network included areas such as the angular gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, the occipital cortex, parts of the cerebellum and (left) supplementary motor areas, which are important for semantic information processing, memory retrieval, integration of sensory information, and motor-control. This finding suggests that early and presumably automatized neurocognitive processes, such as (implicit) knowledge about motor movements, and the rapid integration of information from different sources are important for creative task performance in soccer. Factors common across many chronic diseases, such as fatigue and depression affect cognitive dysfunction (CD) but the effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity on CD remains unclear. We aimed to explore the effects of disease activity in SLE on cognitive function whilst taking into consideration other potential mediators. Two groups of SLE patients were recruited; stable/low disease activity (SLE-S, n = 36) and active disease (SLE-F, n = 26). The SLE-F group were studied during a flare; with a second visit when disease activity had reduced. In addition to demographic, clinical and psychiatric data, CD was measured using a computerised battery of tests (CANTAB®). fMRI was used to examine neuronal responses to working memory and emotional processing tasks. No differences between the groups/visits were found using the CANTAB® battery. The fMRI results showed that the SLE-F group had a less attenuated response in the medial prefrontal cortex (a default mode network-DMN region) compared wh has potential implications for holistic treatments.A physiologic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) throughout pregnancy is required to remodel the cervix. Oxidative stress (OS) can cause cellular damage that contributes to dysfunctional tissue. check details This study determined the effects of OS and the OS-induced cell fate of human cervical epithelial and cervical stromal cells. We treated the ectocervical and endocervical epithelial cells and cervical stromal cells with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), an OS inducer, for 48 h. Cell viability (crystal violet assay); cell cycle, apoptosis and necrosis (flow cytometry); senescence (senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining); autophagy (staining for autophagosome protein LC3B); stress signaler p38MAPK pathway activation (Western blot analyses); and inflammation by measuring IL-6 (ELISA) were conducted after 48 h of CSE treatment. OS induced ROS production in cervical cells, which was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. OS promoted cell cycle arrest, induced necrosis but not apoptosis in cervical cells.