Biomolecular motor systems are the smallest natural machines with an ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical work with remarkably high efficiency. Such attractive features enabled biomolecular motors to become classic tools in soft matter research over the past decade. For designing suitably engineered biomimetic systems, the biomolecular motors can potentially be used as molecular engines that can transform energy and ensure great advantages for the construction of bio-nanodevices and molecular robots. Marimastat From the optimization of their prolonged lifetime to coordinate them into highly complex and ordered structures, enormous efforts have been devoted to make them useful in the synthetic environment. Synchronous operation of the biomolecular engines is one of the key criteria to coordinate them into certain different patterns, which depends on the local interaction of biomolecular motors. Utilizing chemical and physical stimuli, synchronization of biomolecular motor systems has become possible, which allows them to coordinate into different higher ordered patterns with different modes of functionality. Recently, programmed synchronous operation of the biomolecular engines has also been demonstrated, using a smart biomaterial to build up swarms reminiscent of nature. Here, we review the recent progress in the synchronized operation of biomolecular motors in engineered systems to explicitly program their interaction and further their applications. Such developments in the coordination of biomolecular motors have opened a broad way to explore the construction of future autonomous molecular machines and robots based on synchronization of biomolecular engines.Universal eye health is a component of universal health care, which member states of the World Health Organization have supported in principle through their endorsement of the Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Avoidable Blindness and Visual Impairment (2014-2019). While much of the world's attention has been on addressing the needs of developing countries which suffer significant shortcomings in terms of effective and accessible eye care services, similar access inequities exist in developed nations such as Canada. The Canadian health system is based on the principle of universal health coverage; yet, for the majority of the population, access to primary eye care services such as an eye examination and spectacles is an out-of-pocket expense. Therefore, despite the global call for universal eye health, Canada has still not made relevant policy shifts in terms of addressing the structural barriers to all its citizens accessing primary eye care services within its health system, despite active advocacy efforts of key stakeholder groups in eye health. There is, therefore, an inescapable reality of unmet eye care needs, which Canada must address if it is to meet the World Health Organization's goals of universal eye health.STUDY DESIGN Retrospective multi-center enrollment. OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of patient and surgical factors on proximal complication and revision rates of early onset scoliosis patients using a multicenter database. Proximal anchor pullout and junctional kyphosis are common causes necessitating revision surgery during growth friendly treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS). Many options exist for proximal fixation and may impact the rate of these complications. METHODS Retrospective review of multicenter database of patients with growth friendly constructs for EOS. Inclusion criteria were patients with index instrumentation  less then  10 years of age and minimum of 2 year follow-up. RESULTS 353 patients met the inclusion criteria and had the following constructs growing rods with spine anchors = 303; growing rods with rib anchors = 15 and VEPTR = 35. Mean age at index instrumentation was 6.0 years. Mean preoperative Cobb angle was 76° and mean kyphosis was 54°. Mean follow-up was 6.0 years. 21.8% of UEV resulted in a significant decrease in rates of proximal extension of the construct.AIM Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (HFTC) is a rare endocrine disorder caused by autosomal recessive variants in GALNT3, FGF23, and KL leading to progressive calcification of soft tissues and subsequent clinical effects. The aim of this was to study the cause of HFTC in an Iranian family. PATIENTS AND METHODS Four generations of a family with HFTC were studied for understanding the genetic pattern of the disease. Whole exome sequencing was applied on genomic DNA of the proband. Based on its result, genetically altered sequences were checked in his family through sanger sequencing. Then bioinformatics approaches as well as co-segregation analysis were applied to validate the genetic alteration. RESULTS A novel homozygous variant in exon four of GALNT3, namely p.R261Q was found. The parents and sister were carriers. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, it is the first-reported Iranian family with GALNT3-CDG novel variant.In this study, the prokaryotic expression system of Escherichia coli was used to modify prolyl aminopeptidase derived from Aspergillus oryzae JN-412 (AoPAP) via random mutagenesis and site-directed saturation mutagenesis. A random mutant library with a capacity of approximately 3000 mutants was compiled using error-prone polymerase chain reaction, and nonconservative amino acids within 3 Å of the substrate L-proline-p-nitroaniline were selected as site-directed saturation mutagenesis sites via homologous simulation and molecular docking of AoPAP. Variants featuring high catalytic efficiency were screened by a high-throughput screening method. The specific activities of the variants of 3D9, C185V, and Y393W were 127 U mg-1, 156 U mg-1, and 120 U mg-1, respectively, which were 27%, 56%, and 20% higher than those of the wild type, with a value of 100 U mg-1. The half-life of thermostability of the mutant 3D9 was 4.5 h longer than that of the wild type at 50 °C. The mutant C185V improved thermostability and had a half-life 2 h longer than that of the wild type at a pH of 6.5. Prolyl aminopeptidase had improved stability within the acidic range and thermostability after modification, making it more suitable for a synergistic combination with various acidic and neutral endoproteases.