The article starts with the concept of inflammation, its origin, and the impact of TLRs discovery on infection and inflammation biology. The subsequent section describes the burden of skin-associated inflammatory diseases worldwide and the effect of the geographical habitat of people affecting it. The third section explains skin as an immune organ and explains the expression of different TLRs on different skin cells, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), skin fibroblasts, and melanocytes. The fourth section describes the impact of TLRs on these cells in different skin-inflammatory conditions, including acne vulgaris, AD, psoriasis, and skin cancers. The article also discusses the use of different TLR-based therapeutic approaches as specific to these inflammatory skin diseases.Almost a year ago, no one has ever heard of COVID-19 but now, every individual in the world is familiar with this term. It is far from over and yet, it has affected every aspect of human life. The Department of Urology at King's College Hospital London provides all types of urology care ranging from benign to cancer treatments to the community. However, this service was badly affected by COVID-19. Policies were made by the experts in the field to reduce patient traffic in the hospital and at the same time, attempting to ensure appropriate and timely treatment was provided to patients suffering from urological conditions requiring urgent attention. In this article, we discuss the triage guidelines set up at our centre. Treatments for benign conditions such as kidney stones were delayed for 3-6 months. For the first time, telephone and video clinics were setup to follow-up patients with benign conditions. Urological emergencies such as acute urinary retention and priapism were discharged from accidental and emergency department after treatment. Small T1 renal cancers were put on surveillance, whereas T2 and T3 renal cancers were offered nephrectomy at a COVID-free specialized center. Transurethral removal of bladder tumor was offered only for solid or actively bleeding tumor. High risk prostate cancer patients were started on hormonal therapy and radiotherapy was only offered for spinal cord compression secondary to metastasis. Low and intermediate non-metastatic prostate cancers were placed on active surveillance. Patients with testicular tumor continued to have immediate inguinal orchidectomy. The multi-disciplinary meetings were done remotely using blue jeans software®. These steps not only strive to provide adequate and timely urology care to patients but also protect health care workers and prevent the spread of COVID-19.Genome editing technologies include techniques used for desired genetic modifications and allow the insertion, modification or deletion of specific DNA fragments. Recent advances in genome biology offer unprecedented promise for interdisciplinary collaboration and applications in gene editing. New genome editing technologies enable specific and efficient genome modifications. The sources that inspire these modifications and already exist in the genome are DNA degradation enzymes and DNA repair pathways. Six of these recent technologies are the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), leveraging endogenous ADAR for programmable editing of RNA (LEAPER), recruiting endogenous ADAR to specific transcripts for oligonucleotide-mediated RNA editing (RESTORE), chemistry-based artificial restriction DNA cutter (ARCUT), single homology arm donor mediated intron-targeting integration (SATI), RNA editing for specific C-to-U exchange (RESCUE). These technologies are widely used from various biomedical researches to clinics, agriculture, and allow you to rearrange genomic sequences, create cell lines and animal models to solve human diseases. ATN-161 This review emphasizes the characteristics, superiority, limitations, also whether each technology can be used in different biological systems and the potential application of these systems in the treatment of several human diseases.Growing evidence indicates that skeletal muscle depletion has a notable effect on the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, though study results are still controversial. Our meta-analysis aimed at evaluating the prognostic significance of low skeletal muscle mass (LSMM) in HCC patients treated with sorafenib or lenvatinib.We systematically reviewed for PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases from their inception to August 2020 and obtained all relevant articles describing an association between LSMM and HCC patients treated with sorafenib or lenvatinib. Demographic and characteristics of included studies, diagnostic criteria of skeletal muscle depletion, and main outcomes (overall survival, progression-free survival, time to treatment failure) were retrieved. Associations were expressed by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).The meta-analysis enrolled 11 studies comprising 1148 patients. Without significant heterogeneity between studies, LSMM was significantly associated with poor overall survival (crude HR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.36-1.83; adjusted HR=1.83, 95 % CI 1.46-2.29) and time to treatment failure (crude HR=1.85, 95 % CI 1.34-2.54; adjusted HR=1.72, 95 % CI 1.24-2.38). However, there was no significantly association between LSMM and progression-free survival (adjusted HR=1.44, 95 % CI 0.95-2.20). Symmetry of distribution on the funnel plot did not show significant publication bias.This meta-analysis supported that LSMM is significantly associated with poor overall survival and time to treatment failure in HCC patients after sorafenib or lenvatinib administration. This negative effect was pronounced even after adjustment for confounders. Future studies should be carried out on larger samples and study regions based on standardized thresholds of LSMM.The crested rat, Lophiomys imhausi, is the only mammal known to sequester plant toxins. Found in eastern Africa, this large rodent is thought to defend against predation by coating specialized hairs along its sides with cardenolide toxins from the poison arrow tree, Acokanthera schimperi. To better understand the ecology of this unusual poisonous mammal, we used camera traps, livetrapping, and captive behavioral observations, to study L. imhausi in central Kenya. Although crested rats were rarely detected with camera traps, 25 individuals were caught in live traps, with estimated densities of up to 15 rats/km2 at one of nine trapping sites. Trapping records and behavioral observations suggest that L. imhausi live in male-female pairs, with juveniles that might exhibit delayed dispersal. We observed chewing of A. schimperi and/or anointing in 10 of 22 individuals, confirming the previous poison sequestration observation. We monitored crested rat activity using cameras and found that chewing on A. schimperi and cardenolide exposure had no effect on feeding, movement, or total activity.