nger drivers, and drivers who have consumed drugs are less likely to wear a seatbelt, whereas drivers who come from areas with higher population density, travel time, and income per capita are more likely to wear a seatbelt. In addition, driving during the day and in rainy weather are associated with an increased likelihood of seatbelt use. The findings of this study will help developing effective policies to increase seatbelt use rate and improve safety. No economic evaluations exist of free or subsidized ridesharing services designed to reduce impaired driving. To evaluate the effects and economics of a 17-weekend program that provided rideshare coupons good for free one-way or round trips to/from the hospitality zones in Columbus, Ohio, coupled with a modest increase in enforcement and a media campaign that used messaging about enforcement to promote usage. Web surveys of riders and intercept surveys of foot traffic in the hospitality zones yielded data on the reduction in driving after drinking and the change in alcohol consumption associated with coupon use. We estimated crash changes from trip data using national studies, then confirmed with an ARIMA analysis of monthly police crash reports. Costs and output data came from program and rideshare company records. 70.8% of 19,649 responding coupon redeemers said coupon use reduced the chance they would drive after drinking. An estimated 1 in 4,310 drink-driving trips results in an alcohol-attributabtios above 1. Thus, our evaluation suggests that governments should not devote energy or resources to ridesharing programs if their primary objective is to reduce drink-driving or harmful alcohol use. Describe pathological features on internal and external aspects of the skull of an ancient grey wolf. Wolf remains that were found at the southwestern settlement Area A of Gravettian site Pavlov I. Visual observation and description; microcomputed tomography; porosity and fragmentation indices for internal and external skull features; histological section of the fourth upper premolar tooth. Dorsally, the sagittal crest revealed bone healing and remodeling. The sagittal lesion differential diagnosis was blunt trauma with or without fracture. Ventrally, otic region pathology included severe proliferation and lysis (osteomyelitis). The pathology was not resolvable among differential (microbial) causes of osteomyelitis, although other potential etiologies were ruled out. Probable first report of otic region osteomyelitis in an ancient grey wolf. The proximity of the wolf remains to human-related findings, and presence of red ochre and shells, suggest human involvement in the burial. This is a single specimen with differential diagnoses that were not resolvable to a single definitive diagnosis. Further investigation of the possible anthropological significance of the burial circumstances.Further investigation of the possible anthropological significance of the burial circumstances.Mammalian cochlear development encompasses a series of morphological and molecular events that results in the formation of a highly intricate structure responsible for hearing. One remarkable event occurs during development is the cochlear lengthening that starts with cochlear outgrowth around E11 and continues throughout development. Different mechanisms contribute to this process including cochlear progenitor proliferation and convergent extension. We previously identified that FGF9 and FGF20 promote cochlear lengthening by regulating auditory sensory epithelial proliferation through FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the periotic mesenchyme. Here, we provide evidence that ETS-domain transcription factors ETV4 and ETV5 are downstream of mesenchymal FGF signaling to control cochlear lengthening. Next generation RNA sequencing identified that Etv1, Etv4 and Etv5 mRNAs are decreased in the Fgf9 and Fgf20 double mutant periotic mesenchyme. Deleting both Etv4 and Etv5 in periotic mesenchyme resulted in shortening of cochlear length but maintaining normal patterning of organ of Corti and density of hair cells and supporting cells. This recapitulates phenotype of mesenchymal-specific Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 deleted inner ear. Furthermore, analysis of Etv1/4/5 triple conditional mutants revealed that ETV1 does not contribute in this process. Our study reveals that ETV4 and ETV5 function downstream of mesenchymal FGF signaling to promote cochlear lengthening.Abundance distributions of large mammals are underused in exploring how ecological pressures vary across contemporaneous sites in the fossil record. To investigate variation in relative abundance across contemporaneous Pliocene mammal communities, we examine the time interval between ∼3.6 and 3.22 Ma at four sites in the Afar and Turkana basins Hadar and the lower Omo Valley in Ethiopia and East Turkana and West Turkana in Kenya. Taphonomic and collection biases are examined using skeletal parts, body size, and taxonomic data from database collections. Taphonomic biases due to geologic conditions and fossil collection affected all sites, but those in the Turkana Basin appeared particularly affected by collecting bias. As a result, hominin relative abundance is calculated separately using a taphonomic control taxon, which shares similar collection biases and size. Comparisons of mammalian taxonomic groups revealed that the Omo region was dominated by suids and cercopithecids. The other sites are dominated by open habitat and mixed habitat associated bovids. Hominins had higher abundance wherein the dominant mammal taxa indicate a mix of woodland and grassland environments (Hadar) and were rarer at sites where the majority of taxa are associated with woodland vegetation (the Omo Valley). West Turkana is characterized by mixed habitats and the highest relative abundance of hominins relative to control taxa, but sampling issues due to the collection and reporting of papionins likely drive this result. AM580 East Turkana has few hominins relative to the control taxon and has dominant habitats indicative of floodplain grasslands but has a small sample size compared with the other sites. These analyses suggest that Kenyanthropus platyops and Australopithecus afarensis inhabited similar types of habitats across different rift basins. Most convincingly, this study contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that early hominins diverged from their great ape counterparts by abandoning woodland-dominated habitats.