This study aimed to determine the effect of intervention timing, from symptom onset to thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), on early and late outcomes in high risk patients with uncomplicated type B aortic dissection (uTBAD). The study retrospectively evaluated 267 uTBAD patients with high risk radiographic features who underwent pre-emptive TEVAR during the acute and subacute periods. Demographics, comorbidities, pre-operative imaging features, peri-procedural details, and follow up outcomes were analysed. Among the 267 pre-emptive TEVARs for high risk uTBAD, 130 were performed in the acute phase (1-14 days); and 137 in the subacute phase (15-90 days), from initial presentation. The mean age was 55.9 ± 11.0 years and 222 (83.1%) were men. The 30 day mortality rate in the acute group was five times higher than that in the subacute group (3.8% vs. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/d-1553.html 0.7%), although without statistically significant difference (p= .11). No statistically significant difference in 30 day outcomes (aortic rupture, retrtoward higher rates of early complications, while the long term outcomes were comparable with those of the subacute phase.The present study indicates that TEVAR for high risk uTBAD in the acute phase was associated with a trend toward higher rates of early complications, while the long term outcomes were comparable with those of the subacute phase. The variability of the urethral plate (UP) characteristics is one of the factors that influence technical choices for hypospadias correction. However, it is difficult to objectively evaluate the UP, leading to controversies in this subject, and vague terms utilized in the literature to describe its characteristics. We aim to analyze the previously described methods used to characterize and evaluate UP quality, emphasizing the pros and cons of each system, and highlighting its possible influence on different postoperative outcomes. We searched the databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library CENTRAL from January 1, 2000 to August 20, 2020. The following concepts were searched urethra reconstruction/urethra replacement/urethroplasty AND hypospadias/hypospadias, AND children AND "plate" with the gray literature search. Subgroup analyses were also carried out. The quality of the involved studies was reviewed operating a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). 996 citations perceived as rel Currently used strategies for the appraisal of UP quality are highly subjective with a low index of generalizability. Various attempts to overcome these limitations exist but none was consistently accepted, leaving a wide space for creative investigation in order to obtain an objective, reproducible, precise, and well-validated tool.Recent evidence suggests that salivary cytokines provide information about both oral conditions and systemic diseases. This review summarizes evidence for the use of salivary cytokines as biomarkers for oral and systemic diseases. We included studies in adults and children with a focus on the latter, due to the importance of non-invasive diagnostic methods in the paediatric age group. A systematic review was performed using Medline and Web of Science covering the period of January 1996 to December 2019 according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews. Thirty-four studies were included in the final analysis, for a total of 2407 patients and healthy controls. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were associated with the severity of oral mucosal tissue damage in patients with cancer, and IL-1β may be an early marker of graft-versus-host disease. Salivary interferon-γ levels were correlated with oral complications and the presence of the underlying disease in HIV-infected individuals, and salivary cytokine patterns may be useful for diagnosing tuberculosis. In summary, current data illustrate that salivary cytokines are associated with oral inflammation, making them potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment efficacy. Because of the simplicity of saliva collection, this method may be useful in pediatric studies and in resource-limited settings. Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are among the most common inborn errors of liver metabolism. As therapies for hyperammonemia associated with urea cycle dysfunction have improved, chronic complications, such as liver disease, have become increasingly apparent in individuals with UCDs. Liver disease in UCDs may be associated with hepatic inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, liver cancer and even liver failure. However, except for monitoring serum aminotransferases, there are no clear guidelines for screening and/or monitoring individuals with UCDs for liver disease. Thus, we systematically evaluated the potential utility of several non-invasive biomarkers for liver fibrosis in UCDs. We evaluated grey-scale ultrasonography, liver stiffness obtained from shear wave elastography (SWE), and various serum biomarkers for hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammation, in a cohort of 28 children and adults with various UCDs. Overall, we demonstrate a high burden of liver disease in our participants with 46% of participants having abnormal grey-scale ultrasound pattern of the liver parenchyma, and 52% of individuals having increased liver stiffness. The analysis of serum biomarkers revealed that 32% of participants had elevated FibroTest™ score, a marker for hepatic fibrosis, and 25% of participants had increased ActiTest™ score, a marker for necroinflammation. Interestingly, liver stiffness did not correlate with ultrasound appearance or FibroTest™. Overall, our results demonstrate the high overall burden of liver disease in UCDs and highlights the need for further studies exploring new tools for identifying and monitoring individuals with UCDs who are at risk for this complication. This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03721367).This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03721367).Classical phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) owes to hepatic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that enzymatically converts phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). PKU neurologic phenotypes include impaired brain development, decreased myelination, early onset mental retardation, seizures, and late-onset features (neuropsychiatric, Parkinsonism). PAH deficiency leads to systemic hyperphenylalaninemia; however, the impact of Phe varies between tissues. To characterize tissue response to hyperphenylalaninemia, metabolomics was applied to tissue from therapy noncompliant classical PKU patients (blood, liver), the Pahenu2 classical PKU mouse (blood, liver, brain) and the PAH deficient pig (blood, liver, brain, cerebrospinal fluid). In blood, liver, and CSF from both patients and animal models over-represented analytes were principally Phe, Phe catabolites, and Phe-related analytes (conjugates, Phe-containing dipeptides). In addition to Phe and Phe-related analytes, the metabolomic profile of PKU brain tissue (mouse, pig) evidenced oxidative stress responses and energy dysregulation.