Plant cell walls as well as their component polysaccharides in foods can be utilized to alter and maintain a beneficial human gut microbiota, but it is not known whether the architecture of the cell wall influences the gut microbiota population. In this study, wheat flour cell walls (WCW) were isolated and compared with their major constituents - arabinoxylan (AX), mixed linkage (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan (MLG) and cellulose - both separately and as a physical mixture of polysaccharides (Mix) equivalent in composition to WCW. These samples underwent in vitro fermentation with a faecal inoculum from pigs fed a diet free of cereals and soluble-fibre to avoid prior adaptation to substrates. During fermentation, samples were collected for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the microbial communities promoted during fermentation by AX, MLG, Mix and WCW were similar at the genus level, but differed from the microbiota observed for the cellulose substrate. Differences in proportions of propionate and butyrate end-products were associated with differences in the relative levels of genera. These findings show that, in this experiment, the microbes that flourished were able to utilize diverse WCW polysaccharides alone, in mixtures or in intact cell walls in a similar way, but that different fermentation end-products were associated with AX (propionate) or MLG (butyrate) polysaccharides.The microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) axis, which regulates neurological and cognitive functions, plays an essential role in schizophrenia (SCZ) progression. Dietary inulin could be a novel strategy for the treatment of SCZ due to its modulating effects on the gut microbiota. In this study, the effects of inulin on mice with SCZ were studied. As indicated by the behavioural tests, expression of neurotransmitters, inflammatory indicators, and brain morphology, inulin administration ameliorated aberrant behaviours (locomotor hypoactivity, anxiety disorders and depressive behaviours, and impaired learning and spatial recognition memory) and effectively reduced neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. In addition, inulin improved intestinal integrity and permeability, as indicated by the elevated expression of tight junction proteins (p less then 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis showed that inulin increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which were negatively correlated with 5-hydroxytryptamine and inflammatory cytokines and positively correlated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Inulin caused a reduction in Akkermansia that was positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines and negatively correlated with BDNF. These results suggested that dietary inulin modulated the gut microbiota and exerted anti-inflammatory effects in mice though the MGB axis, which further ameliorated SCZ. Therefore, the results of this study provide a potential explanation for inulin intervention in the treatment of SCZ.Lecture recordings are useful learning resources that can support flexible, remote and distance learning, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study explored students' experiences of engaging with recorded lectures and the extent to which such engagement contributes to enhanced learning. The research involved the deployment of a questionnaire to undergraduate and postgraduate students (n = 660) who had access to lecture recordings at a research intensive public university in New Zealand. Key findings revealed that students who accessed lecture recordings reported an enhanced learning experience. They stated that the availability of lecture recordings created an inclusive learning environment for students with learning disabilities and fostered flexible learning for those who would otherwise be unable to attend lectures either due to sickness or work commitments. AY 9944 supplier Data also suggest that students utilised lecture recordings as supplementary learning resources rather than a substitute for regular lecture attendance. Our findings substantiated previous research studies and additionally demonstrated the various ways in which students engage with lecture recordings. Moreover, the use of sentiment analysis shows how multiple data can be triangulated to confirm or contest research findings. Finally, we believe this study adds to the voice that lecture recordings are vital resources that support students' learning.The novel coronavirus pandemic is sweeping the world and causing global crises. The lack of effective methods of early diagnosis and accurate detection may result in severe infection as well as mortality. Therefore, it is urgently required that rapid, selective, and accurate techniques for detecting pathogenic viruses are developed. Nanotechnology-based biosensors are finding many applications in biological detection, which may address these issues and realize direct detection of molecular targets in real time. Among various nanoplatforms, optical nanobiosensors have aroused much interest due to their inherent advantages of high sensitivity and direct readout. In this review, a summary of recent progress on the optical biosensors based on nanotechnology for pathogenic virus detection is provided, with focus on quantum dots (QDs), upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), noble metal nanoparticles, and organic fluorescent molecules-based nanoprobes and chemiluminescence assays. These representative studies demonstrate appealing performance as biosensors and hold great promise for clinical diagnosis.The importance of this study is the efficacy of "symptoms only" approach at a screening clinic for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) setting. The objective of this study was to assess how efficiently primary care physicians at the screening clinic were able to predict whether a patient had COVID-19 or not, based on their symptom-based assessment alone. The current study is a cross-sectional retrospective observational study. This study was conducted at a single-center, tertiary care setting with a dedicated COVID-19 facility in a metropolitan city in eastern India. Participants are all suspected COVID-19 patients who presented themselves to this center during the outbreak from 1 August 2020 to 30 August 2020. Patients were referred to the Cough Clinic from the various outpatient departments of the hospital or from smaller satellite centers located in different parts of the city and other dependent geographical areas. The main outcome(s) and measure(s) is to study whether outcome of confirmatory test results can be predicted accurately by history taking alone.