Micro and nanoplastics are one of the major emerging environmental contaminants. Their impact on human health is less explored. There are several in vitro studies on their cellular uptake and accumulation, where micro and nanoplastics were mostly reported to be non-cytotoxic. The effects caused by the direct contact of nanoplastics with the immune system, especially at the cellular level is less known. Here we report that RAW 264.7 macrophages undergo differentiation into lipid laden foam cells when exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics (50 μg/mL). We found that exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to sulfate-modified polystyrene nanoplastics results in the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm leading to foam cell formation. Exposure to high concentration of polystyrene nanoplastics (100 and 200 μg/mL) results in increased reactive oxygen species and impair lysosomes in macrophages. The exposure of BV2 microglial cells to polystyrene nanoplastics (50 μg/mL) induces lipid accumulation. In addition, our results indicate the role of polystyrene nanoplastics in altering the lipid metabolism in murine macrophages in vitro. Reversan molecular weight In the present study we reported that polystyrene nanoplastics stabilized with anionic surfactants can be potent stimuli for lipotoxicity and foam cell formation leading to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis posing major threat for animal and human health.Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals present in the environment and defined as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The interest in these forms of contaminants is related to the toxic consequences for health derived from exposures and bioaccumulation processes. The present research aims at assessing differences in the exposure of PFAS in the Italian population by hair analyses. To this aim, 20 compounds of the PFAS family were investigated in hair of 86 Italian subjects distributed across the regions of Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Marche. The applied method was ad hoc developed in a previous research and included SPE extraction and LC-QTOF analysis. In the analyzed population, 66.4 % had quantifiable amounts of one or more PFAS molecules (up to 4 compounds); mean PFAS content, expressed as sum of PFAS, was 0.1457 ng/g, ranging from "not detected" to 0.85 ng/g (SD 0.1867). PFOA and PFOS were the chemicals most frequently detected, with mean concentrations of 0.1402 ng/g and 0.1155 ng/g, respectively. PFBA was detected in 9.3 % of subjects with a mean concentration of 0.3760 ng/g; PFNA in 3.5 % of subjects with mean concentration 0.12 ng/g; PFDA was found in one subject at the concentration of 0.541 ng/g. PFUnA and PFHxS were detected below the limit of quantification. The overall results displayed differences in the presence and prevalence of PFAS in hair of the Italian population on a geographical base. On the contrary, no significatively differences in the amount of PFAS were observed when considering gender or age classes. On this base, hair can be considered a good diagnostic tool to assess PFAS exposure on a regional-scaled base. Of course, more studies are required to infer PFAS internal dose from hair results due to its peculiar detection window and to interpretative issues derived from external contamination.High maternal serum bile acid level is common and sometimes harmful to the gravida. This study aimed to confirm the bile acid phenotypic change caused by prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) and elucidate its placental mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered intragastrically with ethanol 4 g/kg⋅d from gestational day 9-20. Total bile acids (TBA) were detected in maternal, fetal serum and placental tissues, increasing significantly in the serum but no significant change in the placental tissues. Meta-analysis was performed and verified the efficacy of the PEE-induced model based on published data from several relevant studies. Mining of microarray data from human and rat placental sources identified the involvement of bile acid metabolism and its significant genes, which were verified by RT-qPCR and western blotting on tissues and treated BeWo cells with the administration of FXR/PXR siRNAs or FXR/PXR agonists. Our examination, consistent with microarray data and wet experiments, showed that organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 2B1 (Oatp2b1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins 3 (Mrp3) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) expression were increased, while nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) was decreased but pregnane X receptor (Pxr) was increased. Furthermore, the interventional experiments confirmed that FXR regulated Bcrp while PXR regulated Oatp2b1 and Mrp3. In summary, PEE could induce high bile acid level in maternal serum and its mechanism is associated with the high expression of BCRP/MRP3/OATP2B1 in the placenta through up-regulating PXR and down-regulating FXR, thereby leading to an excessive bile acid transport to maternal blood via the placenta. Our study provides a novel perspective in terms of placenta, explaining the increased maternal blood bile acids under the toxicity of PEE. Noninvasive cardiac radioablation is increasingly used for treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia. Attempts to limit normal tissue exposure are important, including managing motion of the target. An interplay between cardiac and respiratory motion exists for cardiac radioablation, which has not been studied in depth. The objectives of this study were to estimate target motion during abdominal compression free breathing (ACFB) and respiratory gated (RG) deliveries and to investigate the quality of either implanted cardioverter defibrillator lead tip or the diaphragm as a gating surrogate. Eleven patients underwent computed tomography (CT) simulation with an ACFB 4-dimensional CT (r4DCT) and an exhale breath-hold cardiac 4D-CT (c4DCT). The target, implanted cardioverter defibrillator lead tip and diaphragm trajectories were measured for each patient on the r4DCT and c4DCT using rigid registration of each 4D phase to the reference (0%) phase. Motion ranges for ACFB and exhale (40%-60%) RG delivery were estimated from the target trajectories.