In addition to data on the difference from pre- to postprocedure pain scales, we collected information regarding inserting provider type, gravidity/parity, body mass index, demographic information (age, race, insurance type, and level of education), history of IUD placement or cervical procedure, history of chronic pain, and the use of regular pain medications (defined as more than once per week). Statistical analysis was accomplished using t-test and chi square tests. Results There was no difference in pre and postinsertional pain in those who received a cold compress versus the control during insertion of an IUD (3.4 vs. 3.5). The insertional pain was rated at 4.3 and 4.6 for patients who received the cold compress and the control group, respectively (p = 0.805). Conclusion Although a cold compress is a simple, inexpensive, and safe method of pain control, this study shows no reduction in insertional pain for IUD placement.The prevalence of crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), their false claims, and the real harm they cause necessitate public education about their unethical practices. Also called "pregnancy resource centers" and "pregnancy support centers," CPCs are nonmedical institutions designed to deceive women seeking comprehensive pregnancy care, as their volunteers are instructed to pedal misinformation about reproductive health care.In this article, we explore to what extent sex and gender differences may be reproduced in the 3D bioprinting of kidneys. Sex and gender differences have been observed in kidney function, anatomy, and physiology, and play a role in kidney donation and transplantation through differences in kidney size (sex aspect) and altruism (gender aspect). As a form of personalized medicine, 3D bioprinting might be expected to eliminate sex and gender bias. On the basis of an analysis of recent literature, we conclude that personalized techniques such as 3D bioprinting of kidneys alone do not mean that sex and gender bias does not happen. Therefore, sex and gender considerations should be included into every step of developing and using 3D-bioprinted kidneys in the choice of design, cells, biomaterials, and X-chromosome-activated cells.Objectives To examine sex differences in disease profiles, management, and survival at 1 and 5 years after ischemic stroke (IS) among people with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods We performed a systematic literature search of reports of AF at IS onset according to sex. We undertook an individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) of nine population-based stroke incidence studies conducted in Australasia, Europe, and South America (1993-2014). Poisson regression was used to estimate womenmen mortality rate ratios (MRRs). Study-specific MRRs were combined using random effects meta-analysis. Results In our meta-analysis based on aggregated data from 101 studies, the pooled AF prevalence was 23% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22%-25%) in women and 17% (15%-18%) in men. Our IPDMA is of 1,862 IS-AF cases, with women (79.2 ± 9.1, years) being older than men (76.5 ± 9.5, years). Crude pooled mortality rate was greater for women than for men (1-year MRR 1.24; 1.01-1.51; 5-year 1.12; 1.03-1.22). However, the sex difference was greatly attenuated after accounting for age, prestroke function, and stroke severity (1-year 1.09; 0.97-1.22; 5-year 0.98; 0.84-1.16). Women were less likely to have anticoagulant prescription at discharge (odds ratio [OR] 0.94; 95% CI 0.89-0.98) than men when pooling IPDMA and aggregated data. selleck inhibitor Conclusions AF was more prevalent after IS among women than among men. Among IS-AF cases, women were less likely to receive anticoagulant agents at discharge; however, greater mortality rate in women was mostly attributable to prestroke factors. Further information needs to be collected in population-based studies to understand the reasons for lower treatment of AF in women.Introduction Ankle sprain (AS) is one of the most common injuries among women engaged in competitive sports and recreational activities. Many studies have shown that several factors contributing to AS are influenced by the menstrual cycle. Despite the finding that abnormal joint position sense (JPS) is one of the major risk factors of AS, the alteration of the JPS throughout the menstrual cycle and its associated neural mechanisms remain unclear. Objective This study aimed to examine whether the menstrual cycle phases affect neural excitability in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and JPS. Methods Fourteen right-footed women participated in this study. Somatosensory-evoked potential and paired-pulse inhibition (PPI) were measured to assess S1 excitatory and inhibitory functions. Ankle JPS was measured using an active joint position matching method. Menstrual syndrome was evaluated using the menstrual distress questionnaire. All assessments were conducted in the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Results The two main findings of this study were as follows First, PPI decreased in the ovulatory phase than in the follicular phase. This may have been the reason for estrogen altering the neural inhibition and facilitation balance throughout the menstrual cycle. Second, JPS was not changed during the menstrual cycle. Conclusion In conclusion, phases of the menstrual cycle affect the neural excitability in S1 as shown by the decreased PPI in the ovulatory phase, and the ankle JPS was unchanged throughout the menstrual cycle.Background Previous studies suggest that education and income affect Brazilian women's breast cancer prevention behavior. The present study focused on the impact of perceived and estimated risk on mammography screening (MS) behavior. Materials and Methods Information regarding socioeconomic variables and risk perception was obtained from 396 healthy women aged 40-79 years. Perceived comparative risk was measured on a seven-point Likert scale. A Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool of 5-year risk to develop breast cancer was used to determine objective risk. Estimated comparative risk was determined as categories of perceived risk relative to the objective risk. Regression analysis was applied to determine odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CIs) of variables. Results Asked about the potential of MS to lower risk of death because of breast cancer, 215 (54.29%) responded that it does not lower risk. Women with low perceived comparative risk had a twofold (OR = 0.493; 95% CI 0.24-1.00) decreased chance to participate in MS annually, compared with women with high-perceived comparative risk (p = 0.