Phylogenetic analysis detected significant differences between the LAC4 proteins of yeasts of the Kluyveromyces genus (K. lactis, К. marxianus, К. aestuarii, К. nonfermentans, К. wickerhamii), Scheffersomyces stipitis, Sugiyamaella lignohabitans, and Debaryomyces hansenii. A correlation between β-galactosidase sequences and ecological origin (dairy products and natural sources) of Kluyveromyces strains was found. The group of dairy strains is heterogeneous and includes К. lactis var. lactis and К. marxianus yeasts (99.80-100% similarity), which indicates a common origin of their LAC4 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of β-galactosidases indicates a close genetic relationship of dairy and hospital strains of К. lactis var. lactis and К. marxianus. Clinical isolates are able to ferment lactose and appear to originate from the dairy yeasts.The study aimed to investigate tissue-specific gene expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, encoding cholesterol transporters, as well as PPARG, LXRβ (NR1H2), and RORA, encoding the most important transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism, in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (SAT and VAT) in women with metabolic syndrome. It was shown that the ABCG1 mRNA SAT/VAT ratio decreases with age and correlates with the development of metabolic syndrome. this website After age adjustment, women have reduced chances of metabolic syndrome development when ABCG1 gene expression in SAT is higher relative to VAT than women with VAT ABCG1 gene expression higher or comparable to SAT OR = 0.15 (95% CI 0.03-0.76), p = 0.023. The ABCA1 mRNA SAT/VAT ratio positively correlated with HDL cholesterol levels (after age adjustment β = 0.350, p = 0.046), therefore individuals with higher ABCA1 mRNA level in SAT relative to VAT had elevated HDL levels. The ABCA1 mRNA level in SAT was decreased in smokers (p = 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the PPARG mRNA level in SAT with body mass index and waist circumference in the general sample (β = -0.602, p = 0.003 and β = -0.642, p = 0.001, respectively, after age adjustment). A decrease of the PPARG mRNA SAT/VAT ratio was associated with elevated plasma insulin level and the insulin resistance index HOMA-IR β = -0.819, p = 0.004 and β = -1.053, p = 0.008, respectively, after age adjustment). Thus, the study has shown that the ratio of ABCA1, ABCG1, and PPARG genes expression in different types of adipose tissue (SAT/VAT) could be a significant factor that predicts the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in obesity.Proteasomes are multisubunit complexes that degrade most intracellular proteins. Three of the 14 subunits of the 20S proteasome, specifically β1, β2, and β5, demonstrate catalytic activity and hydrolyze peptide bonds after acidic, basic, and hydrophobic amino acids, respectively. Within proteasome, the constitutive catalytic subunits β1, β2, and β5 can be substituted by the immune βli, β2i, and β5i subunits, respectively. However, proteasomes do not always contain all the immune subunits at once; some proteasomes contain both immune and constitutive catalytic subunits simultaneously. Incorporation of immune subunits modifies the pattern of peptides produced by proteasomes. This is essential for antigen presentation and cellular response to stress as well as for a number of intracellular signaling pathways. We have developed a quantitative PCR-based system for the determination of the absolute levels of murine constitutive and immune proteasome subunits gene expression. Using the obtained system, we have estimated the expression levels of genes encoding proteasome subunits in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) tissues. We have shown that the quantity of transcripts of proteasome catalytic subunits in different CNS structures differed significantly. These data allow us to assume that the studied brain regions can be divided into two groups, with relatively "high" (cerebral cortex and spinal cord) and "low" (hippocampus and cerebellum) levels of proteasome subunit genes expression. Moreover, it was possible to distinguish structures with similar and significantly different gene expression profiles of proteasome catalytic subunits. Thus, the gene expression profiles in the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum were similar, but different from the expression profile in the hippocampus. Based on the obtained data, we suggest that there are differences in the proteasome pool, as well as in the functional load on the ubiquitin-proteasome system in different parts of the CNS.Each neuron has 100-10000 connections (synapses) with other neural cells, therefore genome pathologies affecting a small proportion of brain cells are capable of causing dysfunction of the entire central nervous system (CNS). Recently, genome and chromosome instability has been uncovered in neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease, ataxia telangiectasia). Somatic tissue-specific mosaicism was observed in the brain of individuals with neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. The study of genetic processes in neurons allows determination of a certain number of genetic pathways and candidate processes, modifications of which can cause impaired genome stability. Brain-specific somatic mutations generally occur at the earliest stages of development. Accordingly, genome variability and somatic mosaicism are expected to be mediated by cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication, and programmed cell death in the brain. Endomitosis, endoreduplication, and abortive entrance to the cell cycle are also commonly observed in neurodegeneration. Brain-specific genome instability maybe a key element in the pathogenic cascade of neurodegeneration. Here we review the current state of knowledge concerning somatic genome variations in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases and analyze the causes and consequences of genomic instability in the CNS.Protein synthesis on ribosomes is considered the main process in cell life. Regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression plays an important role in the balanced synthesis of proteins and RNA in ribosomal biogenesis. This review is focused on some features of autoregulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Inhibition of the synthesis of ribosomal proteins encoded by 12 operons by mechanisms of competition , "entrapment", and retroregulation are discussed. Examples of regulation of protein synthesis by individual ribosomal proteins and their complexes are presented.