Diet plays an important role in symptom management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, current diet therapies are not optimal nor successful for everyone. To investigate whether subgroups based on IBS subtypes or severity identify different self-reported dietary triggers, and whether these are associated with severity and psychological factors. Online cross-sectional survey PARTICIPANTS Patients with IBS (n= 1601) who fulfilled the Rome IV criteria or had an IBS diagnosis. Self-reported response to 44 preselected dietary triggers, IBS quality of life, and anxiety and depression. Subgroups were based on subtypes or severity. Response to dietary triggers was analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis. Moreover, a food score was calculated to quantify the number and severity of responses to dietary triggers. Response to greasy foods, onions, cabbage, and spicy and fried foods were mentioned most often (ranging between 55% and 65%). Response to dietary triggers differed between subtypes aore dietary triggers. IBS severity seems a better classifier than Rome IV criteria regarding diet. Dietary treatment needs to be individualized under guidance of a dietitian.Patients with different IBS subtypes or IBS severity do not identify different self-reported dietary triggers. Patients with more severe IBS and who experience anxiety or depression tend to have severe responses to more dietary triggers. IBS severity seems a better classifier than Rome IV criteria regarding diet. Dietary treatment needs to be individualized under guidance of a dietitian.Accurately estimating safety is critical to pursuing nondefensive survival behaviors. However, little attention has been paid to how the human brain computes safety. We conceptualize a model that consists of two components (i) threat-oriented evaluations that focus on threat value, imminence, and predictability; and (ii) self-oriented evaluations that focus on the agent's experience, strategies, and ability to control the situation. Our model points to the dynamic interaction between these two components as a mechanism of safety estimation. Based on a growing body of human literature, we hypothesize that distinct regions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) respond to threat and safety to facilitate survival decisions. We suggest safety is not an inverse of danger, but reflects independent computations that mediate defensive circuits and behaviors.Gabapentin is approved to treat postherpetic neuralgia and epilepsy with partial-onset seizures. The large majority of gabapentin prescribing is off label. Gabapentin may be abused for euphoria, potentiating the high from opiates, reduction of alcohol cravings, a cocaine-like high, as well as sedation or sleep. Individuals at the highest risk for abusing gabapentin include those with opioid abuse, mental illness, or previous history of prescription drug abuse. States are now taking action to track gabapentin use through prescription monitoring programs, and some states have reclassified it as a Schedule V controlled substance. This commentary summarizes gabapentin's abuse potential, identifies state-level actions regarding gabapentin monitoring, and discusses possible clinical implications and ways to enhance patient safety when prescribing gabapentin. The purpose of this narrative review was to provide guidance for pharmacists concerning vitamin D supplementation. Relevant studies were identified in a search of MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar from January 1966 to September 2020 using the search terms vitamin D, vitamin D , vitamin D , calcitriol, and vitamin D deficiency. Abstracts were reviewed for relevance and, if relevant, full-text articles were retrieved and reviewed. References were checked, and citation searches using identified studies were conducted. The literature search included English-language studies involving administration of vitamin D monotherapy compared with placebo. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of less than 12 ng/mL indicate a vitamin D deficiency. The Institute of Medicine recommends a daily intake of 600 IU of vitamin D in individuals aged up to 70 years and 800 IU in those aged above 70 years. Vitamin D is labeled for rickets, osetomalacia, hypophosphatemia (familial or secondary), renal osteodystrophy, and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Lifirafenib When used for these indications, vitamin D should be prescribed with appropriate monitoring by a qualified health care practitioner. There is evidence for vitamin D supplementation in individuals aged 75 years or older and in those with problems associated with mobility, gait, or balance. There is insufficient evidence to support vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, new-onset type 2 diabetes, infectious lung diseases, cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer disease, and depression, or in prenataluse. Pharmacists can provide evidence-based recommendations concerning the indications, dosing, monitoring, and adverse effects of vitamin D supplements.Pharmacists can provide evidence-based recommendations concerning the indications, dosing, monitoring, and adverse effects of vitamin D supplements. The authors sought to (1) characterize the rationale underpinning anesthesiologists' use of various perioperative strategies hypothesized to affect renal function in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery, (2) characterize existing belief about the quality of evidence addressing the renal impact of these strategies, and (3) identify potentially renoprotective strategies for which anesthesiologists would most value a detailed, evidence-based review. Survey of perioperative practice in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Online survey. Members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA). None. The survey was distributed to more than 2,000 SCA members and completed in whole or in part by 202 respondents. Selection of target intraoperative blood pressure (and relative hypotension avoidance) was the strategy most frequently reported to reflect belief about its potential renal effect (79%; 95% CI 72-85). Most respondents believed the evidence supporting an effect on renal injury of intraoperative target blood pressure during cardiac surgery was of high or moderate quality.