iagnostic tool in CNS vasculitides, by providing nuanced information about arterial wall integrity and pathology. We sought to characterize perceptions of inappropriate neurology consults of neurology residents (NR) and requesting providers (RP) immediately following the consult interaction. Student investigators were embedded in the Mount Sinai neurology consult service for 4 weeks in May/June 2018. For each consecutive neurology consult the NR's real-time attitudes toward the consult were evaluated with a survey using Likert scales. A similar survey was immediately administered to the RP who called the consult. Response scores for each attribute were dichotomized and data were analyzed descriptively in SPSS. Data from 69 consults were collected. NRs perceived 45% of consults as inappropriate and 82% of all consults as low urgency. When NRs perceived a consult as inappropriate, they felt more resistance (r=-0.79). NRs also felt more resistant when they thought that the RP could have cared for the patient without the consult (r=0.79). NRs felt that perceived medicolegal risk highly influenced the RP's decision to co interdisciplinary care. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an acute neurological condition with unknown global incidence, variable clinical presentation, and prognosis. To describe a cohort of patients with PRES with a focus on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns and their relationship with short-term clinical outcomes. Retrospective cohort study. Wnt-C59 concentration The authors included patients if they were older than 15 years and had a PRES diagnosis on the basis of a positive brain MRI at any time during the in-hospital stay. Forty-four patients were included in the present analysis. The median age was 57 years (interquartile range, 32.0-68.5) and 70.5% were women. Hypertension (59.1%), history of transplantation (27.3%), previous chemotherapy (27.3%), chronic renal failure (38.6%), and autoimmune disease (15%) were the main comorbid conditions present. The classic triad of seizures, headache, and visual impairment was present in 18.0% of the cases. Eighty-six percent of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, with 36.0% needing invasive life support. Brain MRI showed a dominant parieto-occipital pattern in 26 patients, whereas cytotoxic edema and bleeding were present in 27.3% and 29.6%, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 11.4%. The median modified Rankin Scale at hospital discharge was 1 (0-2.5). Risk factors associated with low modified Rankin Scale scores were headache, visual impairment, and parieto-occipital pattern. Decreased level of consciousness and mechanical ventilation requirement were associated with greater discharge disability. Characteristic symptoms and signs of PRES and classic MRI patterns are associated with better clinical outcomes.Characteristic symptoms and signs of PRES and classic MRI patterns are associated with better clinical outcomes. Pituitary apoplexy (PA)-induced oculomotor palsy, although rare, can be caused by compression on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. This study aimed to visualize PA-induced oculomotor nerve damage using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. We enrolled 5 patients with PA-induced isolated oculomotor palsy (patient group) and 10 healthy participants (control group); all underwent DTI tractography preoperatively. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) values of the cisternal portion of the bilateral oculomotor nerve were measured. DTI tractography was repeated after the recovery of oculomotor palsy. While no statistical difference was observed in FA and MD values of the bilateral oculomotor nerve in the control group (P>0.05), the oculomotor nerve on the affected side was disrupted in the patient group, with a statistical difference in FA and MD values of the bilateral oculomotor nerve (P<0.01). After the recovery of oculomotor palsy, the FA value of the oculomotor nerve on the affected side increased, whereas the MD value decreased (P<0.01). Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in FA and MD values of the bilateral oculomotor nerve (P>0.05). DTI tractography of the oculomotor nerve on the affected side revealed restoration of integrity. Furthermore, the symptoms of oculomotor palsy improved in all patients 7 days postoperatively. DTI tractography could be a helpful adjunct to the standard clinical and paraclinical ophthalmoplegia examinations in patients with PA; thus, this study establishes the feasibility of DTI tractography in this specific clinical setting.DTI tractography could be a helpful adjunct to the standard clinical and paraclinical ophthalmoplegia examinations in patients with PA; thus, this study establishes the feasibility of DTI tractography in this specific clinical setting. There is considerable debate regarding the use of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) in deep brain stimulation (DBS). To determine if the use of intraoperative MER impacts the final position of the lead implant in DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus (GPi) and to evaluate the incidence of complications. The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent STN and GPi DBS with MER, at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston from June 1, 2009 to October 1, 2013 to compare initial and final coordinates. Hemorrhagic and infectious complications were reviewed. A total of 90 lead implants on 46 patients implanted at the center during this time period were reviewed and included in the study. A statistically significant difference between the initial and final coordinates was observed in the superior-inferior direction with a mean difference of 0.40 mm inferiorly (±0.96 mm, P<0.05) and 0.96 mm inferiorly (±1.32 mm, P<0.05) in the STN and GPi locations, respectively. A nonstatistically significant difference was also observed in the anterior-posterior direction in both locations. There were no intraparenchymal hemorrhages on postoperative computed tomography. Two patients developed postoperative seizures (7.4%). One STN electrode (1.1%) required revision because of a suboptimal response. Intraoperative MER in STN and GPi DBS implant does not seem to have a higher rate of surgical complications compared with historical series not using MER and might also be useful in determining the final lead location.Intraoperative MER in STN and GPi DBS implant does not seem to have a higher rate of surgical complications compared with historical series not using MER and might also be useful in determining the final lead location.