ortant factors that clinicians should be aware of when discharging patients with SMI. Dietary factors have been linked to cancers. This review focuses on several nutrients, which have strong evidence showing increase in cancer risks in the esophagus and stomach. Obesity is an important risk factor in upper gastrointestinal cancers. High sugar content in food and sugary drinks are the main drivers of obesity. Proinflammatory diet is another dietary factor, which is increasingly recognized as being associated with esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer has been predicted to be the leading cause of death in this century. Cancers of the esophagus and stomach are the six and third most common cause of death worldwide. Although Helicobacter pylori infection is a known cause of gastric cancer, obesity is a leading contributor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiological data have shown that dietary factors are associated with the two cancers. Observational, case control, animal and recent large cohort studies have identified associations between dietary factors and upper gastrointestinal cancer of esophageal and gastric cancer. To understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment options that have improved lately. We summarize the latest research. Concerning pathogenesis of AIH, different groups have identified pieces of the puzzle that fit together well An altered microbiome in the gut results in a proinflammatory response in the liver. This response is built by type II natural killer cells and CD4 T cells with an inflammatory phenotype and marked tumor necrosis factor production. When looking specifically at autoantigenic CD4 T cells, these have a B-helper phenotype on transcriptomic analysis. This explains not only elevation of immunoglobulins in AIH, but also mechanistically the effect of anti-B-cell substances in treatment. Diagnosis is now facilitated by an improved diagnostic score for AIH also recognizing modern techniques for autoantibody detection. Treatment in the future will increasingly be focused on reducing dosage and duration of steroid exposition. In addition, B-cell-targeted treatments have been evaluated with considerable success. Research in the past 18 months has improved the understanding of pathogenesis and thereby opened a number of possible treatment options. In addition, steroid use is cautioned by the recent findings.Research in the past 18 months has improved the understanding of pathogenesis and thereby opened a number of possible treatment options. In addition, steroid use is cautioned by the recent findings. Iron deficiency with anemia (IDA) and without anemia remain a diagnostic and management challenge. Iron deficiency has a broad spectrum of causes, including gastrointestinal malignancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the value and limitations of current methods to diagnose iron deficiency and underline the relevance of contemporaneous evidence to guide the pretest probability of gastrointestinal disease. A number of biomarkers for iron deficiency exist, and all have their caveats. Serum ferritin remains the most pragmatic means of diagnosing iron deficiency. Hepcidin holds future promise as a marker of iron status during inflammatory states. Men and postmenopausal women with IDA have the highest overall prevalence of gastrointestinal malignancy (∼11%), while premenopausal women with IDA (<1.5%) and those with iron deficiency without anemia (<0.5%) have a very low risk. Noninvasive investigation with fecal immunochemical test and fecal calprotectin hold promise to guide further investigations in lower risk groups. Confirmation of iron deficiency remains a challenge. Appropriate risk stratification is the key to guiding judicious gastrointestinal investigation. Use of noninvasive tests may play an important role in lower risk groups. Risk prediction tools applicable to relevant populations are required.Confirmation of iron deficiency remains a challenge. Appropriate risk stratification is the key to guiding judicious gastrointestinal investigation. Use of noninvasive tests may play an important role in lower risk groups. Risk prediction tools applicable to relevant populations are required. Precision nutrition and personalized diets are gaining popularity in nutritional science and medicine. To fully appreciate their potential benefits, a deep understanding of both macronutrients and nutrient-microbe interactions is required. Microbiome science has reaffirmed the importance of dietary fiber in microbial and host health. Additional macronutrients, digestible carbohydrate, protein and fat also influence the composition and diversity of the microbiome and, therefore, microbial response to dietary intervention. Attention to macronutrient source, dose, microbial effect and metabolite production allows the development of more established links between diet and health. The degree to which human diets need to be personalized for optimal health is still uncertain but a one-size-fits-all diet seems unlikely. STS inhibitor research buy However, for personal or precision nutrition to fulfill its promise, greater attention to the details of nutrient-microbe interactions will be required.The degree to which human diets need to be personalized for optimal health is still uncertain but a one-size-fits-all diet seems unlikely. However, for personal or precision nutrition to fulfill its promise, greater attention to the details of nutrient-microbe interactions will be required. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease characterized by a lymphocyte infiltrate in the liver. For decades, nonspecific immunosuppression has been used to limit chronic liver inflammation. The high risk of relapse, the treatments side effects, and the significant number of refractory patients are the main clinical issues that require efforts to understand AIH immune mechanisms. The balance between regulatory CD4 T cells, known to control autoimmunity, and effector CD4 T cells, that recognize liver self-antigens and mediate the liver inflammation, appears central in AIH immune mechanisms. Recent advances in the identification of pathogenic auto-reactive CD4 T cells, and of new mechanisms of immune regulatory defects in AIH patients, give new insights into the pathophysiology of this disease. In this review, we propose an overview of the central role of CD4 T cells (both regulatory and pathogenic) in mechanisms of AIH, with a focus on recent advances regarding defective regulatory mechanisms and immune profile of auto-reactive CD4 T cells.