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[This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.08.003.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.10.004.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.01.005.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.08.002.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.10.003.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.11.001.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.01.011.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.003.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.10.001.].Vascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of ischemic necrosis of tissue and organ, which even result in dysfunction and death. Vascular regeneration or artificial vascular graft, as the conventional treatment modality, has received keen attentions. However, small-diameter (diameter less then 4 mm) vascular grafts have a high risk of thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH), which makes long-term lumen patency challengeable. Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner endothelium layer, and are crucial for anti-coagulation and thrombogenesis. Thus, promoting in situ endothelialization in vascular graft remodeling takes top priority, which requires recruitment of endothelia progenitor cells (EPCs), migration, adhesion, proliferation and activation of EPCs and ECs. Chemotaxis aimed at ligands on EPC surface can be utilized for EPC homing, while nanofibrous structure, biocompatible surface and cell-capturing molecules on graft surface can be applied for cell adhesion. Moreover, cell orientation can be regulated by topography of scaffold, and cell bioactivity can be modulated by growth factors and therapeutic genes. Additionally, surface modification can also reduce thrombogenesis, and some drug release can inhibit IH. Considering the influence of macrophages on ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), scaffolds loaded with drugs that can promote M2 polarization are alternative strategies. In conclusion, the advanced strategies for enhanced long-term lumen patency of vascular grafts are summarized in this review. Strategies for recruitment of EPCs, adhesion, proliferation and activation of EPCs and ECs, anti-thrombogenesis, anti-IH, and immunomodulation are discussed. Ideal vascular grafts with appropriate surface modification, loading and fabrication strategies are required in further studies.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.004.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.12.004.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.006.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.03.003.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.003.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.12.003.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.005.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.09.001.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.07.001.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.12.002.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.001.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.11.002.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.06.002.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.08.001.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.01.002.].Current contraceptive methods come with a number of drawbacks, including low efficacy, in the case of commercial contraceptive gels, and a reduction in the quality of sexual intercourse, in the case of condoms. MK-0159 manufacturer Adding pharmacologically-active agents to contraceptive gels holds the potential to improve sexual experience, and hardbor safety and hygiene. In this study, we fabricated a Carbomer-based contraceptive gel consisting of three agents tenofovir, gossypol acetate, and nitroglycerin (TGN), with pH adjusted to 4.5 (to be compatible with the vagina). In vitro, the gossypol component of the contraceptive gel proved to be a significantly effective spermicide. When the concentration of gossypol acetate was 10 mg/ml, the spermicidal ability reached 100% after 30s. In addition, tenofovir in the gel significantly inhibited lentiviral transfection efficiency in cell-containing media. In 6 pairs of rats, the gel successfully prevented all females from conceiving after successful mating. Moreover, increased sexual frequency and enhanced erection, which were promoted by the nitroglycerin in the components, were observed in male rats that had the gel applied to their penises. This novel TGN contraceptive gel yielded a higher contraceptive success rate than that of the commercial contraceptive gel (Contragel®). In addition, it has the added benefits to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and improve male libido and erection function during sexual intercourse. Combining three FDA-approved and marketed agents together, our trifunctional TGN gel has a great potential for further translation and commercialization. Non-inferiority (NI) analysis is not usually considered in the early phases of clinical development. In some negative phase II trials, a post-hoc NI analysis justified additional phase III trials that were successful. However, the risk of false positive achievements was not controlled in these early phase analyses. We propose to preplan NI analyses in superiority-based Simon's two-stage designs to control type I and II error rates. Simulations have been proposed to assess the control of type I and II errors rates with this method. A total of 12,768 two-stage Simon's design trials were constructed based on different assumptions of rejection response probability, desired response probability, type I and II errors, and NI margins. P-value and type II error were calculated with stochastic ordering using Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator. Type I and II errors were simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The agreement between calculated and simulated values was analyzed with Bland-Altman plots. We observed the same level of agreement between calculated and simulated type I and II errors from both two-stage Simon's superiority designs and designs in which NI analysis was allowed. Different examples has been proposed to explain the utility of this method. Inclusion of NI analysis in superiority-based single-arm clinical trials may be useful for weighing additional factors such as safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic, and biomarker data while assessing early efficacy. Implementation of this strategy can be achieved through simple adaptations to existing designs for one-arm phase II clinical trials.Inclusion of NI analysis in superiority-based single-arm clinical trials may be useful for weighing additional factors such as safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic, and biomarker data while assessing early efficacy. Implementation of this strategy can be achieved through simple adaptations to existing designs for one-arm phase II clinical trials.

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