Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane enclosed nano-sized structures released into the extracellular environment by all cell types. EV constituents include proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that reflect the cell from which they originated. The molecular profile of cancer cells is distinct as compared to healthy cells of the same tissue type, and this distinct profile should be reflected by the EVs they release. This makes EVs desirable candidates for blood-based biopsy diagnosis of cancer. EVs can be time consuming to isolate therefore, a technology that can analyze EVs in complex biological samples in a high throughput manner is in demand. Here nanoscale flow cytometry is used to analyze EVs in whole, unpurified, plasma samples from healthy individuals and breast cancer patients. A known breast cancer marker, mammaglobin-a, was evaluated as a potential candidate for expression on EVs and increased levels in breast cancer. Mammaglobin-a particles were abundantly detected in plasma by nanoscale flowuid biopsy platform.Polydiacetylene (PDA), a conjugated polymer, has attracted attention for realization of a label-free real-time colorimetric biosensor because it exhibits large and rapid colorimetric responses upon the binding of biomolecules. This is due to the conformational distortion of its conjugated backbone. However, solid-state PDA biosensors for point-of-care diagnosis remain unexplored. We describe a highly sensitive solid-state biosensor based on PDA liposomes. We employed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on PDA liposomes as the molecular-binding-signal sensitizer, which provides additional conformational distortion in the backbone structure of PDA by exerting steric repulsion to the attached biomolecules. To prove the concept, AuNPs and a thrombin-binding-aptamer were individually functionalized on PDA liposomes, which were attached to a substrate for the detection of thrombin. We found that the sensitivity was enhanced 2.5 times in the presence of AuNPs compared with the case without AuNPs. Because the steric repulsion of the AuNPs is target-independent, we believe that our solid-state biosensor provides a path toward advanced solid-state biosensors.A selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles, and molecularly imprinted poly 2-aminophenol was developed for electrochemical determination of flutamide in environmental and biological samples. The composite fabrication was electrochemically carried out and the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The spectroscopic results showed that polymerization of molecularly imprinted poly 2-aminophenol took place through a ladder structure system. After optimization of effective parameters on the response of the sensor, the obtained linear range, relative standard deviation (for a concentration of 50 μg L-1 with five replicates) and limit of quantification for flutamide determination were determined to be 2-375 μg L-1, 1.54% and 0.8 μg L-1, respectively. The results showed that the application of poly 2-aminophenol in the structure of the proposed sensor using a molecular imprinting approach made the sensor highly selective toward flutamide, distinguishing it from similar nitro-containing compounds. The prepared sensor was successfully utilized to analyze environmental water and urine samples. The obtained results showed that the proposed method is in agreement with the HPLC method and can be used as a reliable alternative method for the analysis of flutamide.According to the solubility in the binary solvent of ethanol water, zein can be classified into α-, β-, γ-, and δ-zein, and the difference in amino acid compositions of these fractions is believed to affect their physicochemical properties and functionalities. This research comparatively analyzed main zein fractions, namely the α-zein fraction, β-zein fraction, and γ-zein fraction, on the formation, surface adsorption, and emulsifying properties of their anti-solvent-induced particles. Results showed that all zein fractions were able to form spherical particles through an anti-solvent procedure, and formed particles possessed different surface charge and surface hydrophobicity. γ-Zein fraction particles had the biggest size and lowest surface hydrophobicity, the highest interfacial adsorption speed, and formed the strongest viscoelastic interfacial film, as analyzed through the interfacial rheology results, while β-zein fraction particles exhibited the poorest interfacial activity. These physicochemical differences were reflected in their emulsifying properties, whereby the γ-zein fraction particle-stabilized emulsion had the maximum tolerance to salt (50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) and pH (4.0, 7.0, and 9.0). The excellent interfacial properties of the γ-zein fraction presented in this research would afford a new strategy for the effective application of zein.The acid-base speciation of coordinated azanone (HNO) remains a highly relevant topic in bioinorganic chemistry. Ruthenium nitroxyl complexes with sufficient robustness towards ligand loss have gained significance as operating platforms to delve into such studies. In this work, we revisit an octahedral RuNO6 complex containing the cyclam-based pentadentate ligand Lpy = 1-(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and explore the thermodynamic and spectroscopic aspects of its reduced states in aqueous media. learn more Upon in situ electro-generation of the bound HNO moiety, we have undertaken different strategies to determine both its acidity and electrochemical properties. This robust HNO complex does not undergo deprotonation in a wide pH range. We have found pKa ([Ru(Lpy)(HNO)]2+) = 13.0 ± 0.1 and . There are indications that pKa (HNO) values in several ruthenium-based species correlate with the redox potential associated with the RuNO6,7 and RuNO7,8 couples. The present pKa extends the range of acidity of bound HNO to more than five pH units, confirming a remarkable sensitivity to the nature of the coordination sphere. This result lays new foundations to continue rational ligand design that may contribute to a better understanding of the different biological roles of both HNO and NO- by investigating key chemical aspects of model complexes.