We report a significant increase in sIPSC and mIPSC frequency, as well as the occurrence of giant synaptic and burst sIPSCs in the 6-OHDA group, suggesting changes in GABAergic circuit activity and synaptic transmission. IPSC kinetics remained unchanged, pointing to mainly presynaptic changes in GABAergic transmission. These results show that chronic DA depletion following 6-OHDA injection causes an activity-dependent and -independent increase of synaptic GABAergic inhibition onto striatal NPY interneurons, confirming their involvement in the functional impairments of the DA-depleted striatum.In this work we study the communication efficiency of a psychophysically-tuned cascade of Wilson-Cowan and Divisive Normalization layers that simulate the retina-V1 pathway. This is the first analysis of Wilson-Cowan networks in terms of multivariate total correlation. The parameters of the cortical model have been derived through the relation between the steady state of the Wilson-Cowan model and the Divisive Normalization model.Efficiency has been analyzed in two ways First, we provide an analytical expression for the reduction of the total correlation among the responses of a V1-like population after the Wilson-Cowan interaction. Second, we empirically study the efficiency with visual stimuli and statistical tools that were not available before (1) a recent, radiometrically calibrated, set of natural scenes, and (2) a recent technique to estimate the multivariate total correlation in bits from sets of visual responses which only involves univariate operations, thus giving better redundancy estimates.The theoretical and the empirical results show that although this cascade of layers was not optimized for statistical independence in any way, the redundancy between the responses gets substantially reduced along the pathway. Specifically, we show that (1) the efficiency of a Wilson-Cowan network is similar to its equivalent Divisive Normalization, (2) while initial layers (Von-Kries adaptation and Weber-like brightness) contribute to univariate equalization, the bigger contributions to the reduction in total correlation come from the nonlinear local contrast and the local oriented filters, and (3) psychophysically-tuned models are more efficient in the more populated regions of the luminance-contrast plane. These results are an alternative confirmation of the Efficient Coding Hypothesis for the Wilson-Cowan systems. compound library chemical And from an applied perspective, they suggest that neural field models could be an option in image coding to perform image compression.Purpose The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of different ionizing radiation doses on the mineral (carbonate/phosphate ratio, crystallinity index [CI]) and organic (amide III/phosphate, amide I sub-band ratios) structures, as well as the microhardness, of enamel and dentin, along with their influence on the bonding strength stability of the etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) dental adhesive strategies.Materials and methods Enamel and dentin human tissue specimens were irradiated (with 0, 20, 40, and 70 Gy radiation doses, respectively) and sectioned to perform an attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform IR spectroscopy assay (ATR-FTIR) and the Vickers microhardness (VHN) test to conduct a biochemical and biomechanical evaluation of the tissues. Regarding the adhesive properties, restored enamel and dentin specimens exposed to the same radiation doses were submitted to microshear bond strength (μSBS) tests for enamel in immediate time (IM) and to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) tesincreased radiation doses and long term.Conclusions It is possible to conclude that structural alterations of enamel and dentin are generated by all radiation doses, decreasing the microhardness of dental hard tissues and influencing bond strength over time, starting at 40 Gy radiation dose. The etch-and-rinse strategy demonstrates better adhesive performance but generates cohesive fractures in the enamel.Purpose While cannabis has the potential to reduce corneal pain, cannabinoids might induce side effects. This review article examines the effects of cannabinoids on the cornea. As more states and countries consider the legalization of adult cannabis use, health-care providers will need to identify ocular effects of cannabis consumption.Methods Studies included in this review examined the connection between cannabis and the cornea, more specifically anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of cannabinoids. NCBI Databases from 1781 up to December 2019 were consulted.Results Five studies examined corneal dysfunctions caused by cannabis consumption (opacification, decreased endothelial cell density). Twelve studies observed a reduction in corneal pain and inflammation (less lymphocytes, decreased corneal neovascularization, increased cell proliferation and migration).Conclusion More than half of the studies examined the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids on the cornea. As the field is still young, more studies should be conducted to develop safe cannabinoid treatments for corneal diseases.Background This retrospective analysis evaluates morbidities, outcomes and associated risk factors in patients with myelofibrosis (MF) after ruxolitinib discontinuation, using Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® (TR), Optum™ integrated virtual electronic health records and claims databases (OP), and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database (SM).Methods A total of 290 patients with MF between 2006 and 2015 (using ICD-9 and ICD-O-3 codes), who were treated with and discontinued ruxolitinib were identified. Only patients with ≥90 days of medical history prior to index diagnosis (TR + OP) and Part A, B, and D enrollment at the time of index diagnosis (SM) were included. Morbidities were assessed during the 30-day period each following ruxolitinib initiation, prior to and post ruxolitinib discontinuation. Cumulative incidence of cytopenias and efficacy outcomes were evaluated from baseline.Results Median age of patients was 68 years, with equal proportion of either gender. Median time to ruxolitinib discontinuation was 284 days and median follow-up after discontinuation was 70.