How various host-parasite combinations have been established is an important question in evolutionary biology. We have previously described two nematode species, Rhigonema naylae and Travassosinema claudiae, which are parasites of the xystodesmid millipede Parafontaria laminata in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Rhigonema naylae belongs to the superfamily Rhigonematoidea, which exclusively consists of parasites of millipedes. T. claudiae belongs to the superfamily Thelastomatoidea, which includes a wide variety of species that parasitize many invertebrates. These nematodes were isolated together with a high prevalence; however, the phylogenetic, evolutionary, and ecological relationships between these two parasitic nematodes and between hosts and parasites are not well known. We collected nine species (11 isolates) of xystodesmid millipedes from seven locations in Japan, and found that all species were co-infected with the parasitic nematodes Rhigonematoidea spp. and Thelastomatoidea spp. We found that the infec without any clear negative impact on each other or the host millipedes. Our study provides an example of balanced complex symbioses among parasitic nematodes and between parasitic nematodes and host millipedes, which have been established over a long evolutionary history.The two nematode superfamilies, Rhigonematoidea and Thelastomatoidea, have phylogenetically distinct origins, and might have acquired xystodesmid millipede parasitism independently. Currently, the two nematodes co-parasitize millipedes without any clear negative impact on each other or the host millipedes. Our study provides an example of balanced complex symbioses among parasitic nematodes and between parasitic nematodes and host millipedes, which have been established over a long evolutionary history. Genomic localized hypermutation regions were found in cancers, which were reported to be related to the prognosis of cancers. This genomic localized hypermutation is quite different from the usual somatic mutations in the frequency of occurrence and genomic density. It is like a mutations "violent storm", which is just what the Greek word "kataegis" means. There are needs for a light-weighted and simple-to-use toolkit to identify and visualize the localized hypermutation regions in genome. Thus we developed the R package "kataegis" to meet these needs. The package used only three steps to identify the genomic hypermutation regions, i.e., i) read in the variation files in standard formats; ii) calculate the inter-mutational distances; iii) identify the hypermutation regions with appropriate parameters, and finally one step to visualize the nucleotide contents and spectra of both the foci and flanking regions, and the genomic landscape of these regions. The kataegis package is available on Bionconductor/Github ( https//github.com/flosalbizziae/kataegis ), which provides a light-weighted and simple-to-use toolkit for quickly identifying and visualizing the genomic hypermuation regions.The kataegis package is available on Bionconductor/Github ( https//github.com/flosalbizziae/kataegis ), which provides a light-weighted and simple-to-use toolkit for quickly identifying and visualizing the genomic hypermuation regions. Assignment of chemical compounds to biological pathways is a crucial step to understand the relationship between the chemical repertory of an organism and its biology. Protein sequence profiles are very successful in capturing the main structural and functional features of a protein family, and can be used to assign new members to it based on matching of their sequences against these profiles. In this work, we extend this idea to chemical compounds, constructing a profile-inspired model for a set of related metabolites (those in the same biological pathway), based on a fragment-based vectorial representation of their chemical structures. We use this representation to predict the biological pathway of a chemical compound with good overall accuracy (AUC 0.74-0.90 depending on the database tested), and analyzed some factors that affect performance. The approach, which is compared with equivalent methods, can in addition detect those molecular fragments characteristic of a pathway. The method is available as a graphical interactive web server http//csbg.cnb.csic.es/iFragMent .The method is available as a graphical interactive web server http//csbg.cnb.csic.es/iFragMent . Natural killer (NK) cells have been known to contribute to surveillance and control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the association of NK cell activity with stage and recurrence risk of HCC have not been fully evaluated. Untreated patients with newly diagnosed HCC were prospectively enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at the time of diagnosis. Patients who had undergone surgery or radiofrequency ablation were classified as the curative treatment group, and their blood samples were collected again at 1month after treatment. A total of 80 patients with HCC were enrolled. The mean age was 62.5years. AZ33 At baseline, interferon (IFN)-γ producing NK cell proportion was significantly lower in patients with Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B, C, or D than in those with BCLC stage 0 (42.9% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.045). Among all patients, 56 patients had undergone curative treatment, and 42 patients re-visited at 1month after curative treatment. There was no significant change ter curative treatment.Decreased NK cell activity is significantly associated with the advanced stage of HCC, and the increased recurrence risk of HCC after curative treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the difference of serum pepsinogen (PG) baseline levels in different regions of China and its influencing factors. From October 2016 to October 2018, asymptomatic health checkup people who underwent nasal endoscopy in nine health management centers in different regions of China were collected. Lifestyle questionnaires were conducted, and serum PG and gastroscopy were performed. The differences in PG levels in baseline population (OLGA-0 grade) were studied according to geographical subregions of China. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. 1922 patients were included in the final analysis. Compared with the non-atrophy (OLGA-0) group, PGR levels in atrophy group (OLGA-I to IV) were significantly decreased with the atrophy degree (p < 0.05). A total of 1590 baseline people (OLGA-0) were included in the study, including 254 from South China, 574 from East China, 210 from Southwest China, 332 from Northeast China, and 220 from Central/Northern China. There were significant differences in baseline PGI levels among the five regions (p < 0.