83%) patients were regarded as having probable a major depressive episode. No patient was categorized into a major or possible major depressive episode. The prevalence of subthreshold depression was the highest among female (72.3%) patients with 51.1% being single, 44.7% were married, and 4.3% were divorcees. When stratified according to ethnicity, subthreshold depression was highly prevalent among Malays (76.6%), followed by Chinese (19.2%), and Indians (2.1%). A high percentage of the patients were found to be non-smokers (93.6%) and had lower income of less than RM 5000 (USD 1250) per month (89.4%). The moderately high prevalence of subthreshold depression among patients with IBS, justifies psychological evaluation in all patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders.This study examined the effects of two pedagogical training approaches on parent-child dyads' discussion of scientific content in an informal museum setting. Forty-seven children (mean age = 5.43) and their parents were randomly assigned to training conditions where an experimenter modeled one of two different pedagogical approaches when interacting with the child and a science-based activity (1) a scientific inquiry-based process or (2) a scientific statement-sharing method. Both approaches provided the same information about scientific mechanisms but differed in the process through which that content was delivered. Immediately following the training, parents were invited to model the same approach with their child with a novel science-based activity. Results indicated significant differences in the process through which parents prompted discussion of the targeted information content when talking about causal scientific concepts, parents in the scientific inquiry condition were significantly more likely to pose questions to their child than parents in the scientific statements condition. Moreover, children in the scientific inquiry condition were marginally more responsive to parental causal talk and provided significantly more scientific content in response. These findings provide initial evidence that training parents to guide their children using scientific inquiry-based approaches in informal learning settings can encourage children to participate in more joint scientific conversations.The relationship between Chinese net-speak use and traditional literacy has rarely been discussed in the literature. In this study, we conducted two experiments to explore the effects of net-speak experience on word recognition and semantic decisions. A sample of senior middle school students was divided into a high-experience group and a low-experience group according to the students' net-speak experience, and the Go/No-Go task (Experiment 1) was adopted to investigate the differences between the two groups in the recognition of pure net-speak words and standard words. The results showed that the response time (RT) of participants was longer for pure net-speak word recognition than for standard word recognition. In addition, for both types of words, the recognition RT of participants in the high-experience group was shorter than that of participants in the low-experience group, but the accuracy (ACC) of pure net-speak word recognition was higher. Taking dual semantic net-speak words with both net-speak meaning and traditional meaning as priming stimuli and standard words related to the two meanings as targets, a semantic decision task (Experiment 2) was used to explore the differences between the two groups in judgments of the semantic relationship between the target words and priming words. The results showed that the decision ACC of participants in the high-experience group for both kinds of meaning-related words was significantly higher than that of participants in the low-experience group. The decision RT of participants in the high-experience group was slightly shorter for net-speak meaning-related words than traditional meaning-related words. The decision RT and ACC of participants in the low-experience group for both kinds of meaning-related words were equivalent. This shows that for Chinese teenagers, net-speak use may not disturb the processing of standard words; on the contrary, it may enhance processing.The authentic happiness theory covers three basic orientations to happiness; namely, the life of pleasure (via hedonism); engagement (via flow-related experiences); and meaning (via eudaimonia). There is broad evidence for a positive relationship between these three orientations and indicators of positive psychological functioning in a variety of life domains. However, their contribution to well-being at work is understudied. The main aim of this study was testing the relationship between self- and peer-rated orientations to happiness, work related well-being (work satisfaction, work stress), and coping strategies. Further possible mediating effects of the coping strategies on the relationship between orientations to happiness and well-being at work were also examined. The sample consisted of 372 German-speaking Swiss adults (60.3% female), aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 38.9, SD = 10.8) with a minimum of 40% full-time employment. For 100 persons, peer-ratings of the orientations to happiness were available. Our results showed that the life of engagement and, to a lesser extent, the life of meaning are related to work satisfaction. The life of pleasure was associated with lower levels of reported work stress. Further, positive associations between self- and peer-rated orientations to happiness (particularly pleasure) and adaptive coping strategies with stress were also found. Mediation analyses showed that the effects of engagement in general and content-related work satisfaction were mediated mainly by control and negative coping, while the association between meaning and resigned work satisfaction was mediated by positive coping. Negative coping fully mediated the association between the pleasurable life and work stress. Overall, our results indicate that employees' orientations to happiness are of importance for experiencing well-being at work.One of the most critical skills behind consumer's behavior is the ability to assess whether a price after a discount is a real bargain. Yet, the neural underpinnings and cognitive mechanisms associated with such a skill are largely unknown. While there is general agreement that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) on the left is critical for mental calculations, and there is also recent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) evidence pointing to the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) of the right PPC as crucial for consumer-like arithmetic (e.g., multi-digit mental addition or subtraction), it is still unknown whether SMG is involved in calculations of sale prices. VcMMAE chemical structure Here, we show that the neural mechanisms underlying discount arithmetic characteristic for shopping are different from complex addition or subtraction, with discount calculations engaging left SMG more. We obtained these outcomes by remodeling our laboratory to resemble a shop and asking participants to calculate prices after discounts (e.g., $8.