The coupling of large volume injection (LVI) with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) can be a powerful technique in the analysis of trace-level complex samples. The coupling of LVI and GC × GC using a cost efficiently operable pneumatic modulator based on capillary flow technology has been examined. The aim was to optimize the LVI parameters in the case of samples with compounds covering a wide boiling range. For the optimization of LVI 25 microliters of a solution containing 27 target compounds modelling the composition and the boiling range of diesel oils was used. The injection parameters were evaluated for peak shapes, reproducibility and peak volumes relative to peak volumes obtained using cold splitless injection. For all GC × GC experiments a non-polar first column (Rxi-5ms) and a polar second column (HP-INNOWax) were applied. Through extensive method optimization solvent vent proved to be an unsuitable technique for the injection of compounds covering a wide boiling range at lower vent times peaks split, while higher vent times caused severe losses of highly volatile compounds. Therefore, a split-splitless LVI method was optimized. Injection speed, split vent time, splitless vent time and vent flow during split vent have been optimized. The developed method is suitable for the coupling of LVI with flow modulated GC × GC. Using the optimized split-splitless LVI parameters no peak distortion of the target compounds was observed. The relative peak volumes were between 60-120% for all compounds (80-120% for 13 compounds).Electrochemical aptasensors as novel diagnostic tools have attracted sufficient research interest in biomedical sciences. In this review, recent leading trends about gold (Au) nanostructures based electrochemical aptasensors have been collected, reviewed, and compared. Here, the considered electrochemical aptasensors were categorized based on the analytes and diagnostic techniques. Pharmaceutical analytes and biomolecules were reviewed in a separate section consisting of a variety of antibiotics, analgesics, and other biomolecules. Various aptasensors have also measured toxins, ions, and hazardous chemicals, and the findings of them have also been reviewed. selleck chemical Many aptasensors have been designed to detect different disease biomarkers that will play an essential role in the future of early diagnosis of diseases. Pathogen microorganisms have been considered as the analyte in several designed electrochemical aptasensors in recent researches, and their results have been reviewed and discussed as another section. Important aspects considered in the review of the mentioned aptasensors were the type of analyte, features of the aptamer as the biorecognition element, type of Au nanostructures, diagnostic technique, diagnostic mechanism, detection range and the limit of detection (LOD). In the last section, an in-depth analysis has been provided based on the crucial features of all included aptasensors.Cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) has attracted broad attention because of the capability to probe three-dimensional structure of proteins. Up to now, several amine-reactive cross-linkers have been developed for characterization of proteins and protein complexes. However, spatial information retrieved by XL-MS is still limited, partly because the strategies using an acidic residue reactive cross-linker have been rarely reported. In this paper, an acidic residue (e.g. aspartic acid, glutamic acid)-specific, disulfide bond-containing, cleavable cross-linker with a length of 13.1 Å, named 3,3'-dithiobis(propanoic dihydrazide), was presented for the first time. In addition, a novel approach using the cross-linker was proposed for unambiguous characterization of peptides and proteins with disulfide bonds. After cross-linked, the peptides could be electrochemically reduced, then characterized by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. For demonstration, the approach has been adopted to characterize the emideltide, insulin, and myoglobin, of which four pairs of intrachain cross-links have been successfully identified in myoglobin. The results showed that the cross-links displayed predictable fragmentation pattern upon collision induced dissociation (CID), thus admitting simplifying data analysis. In summary, this work introduces a novel type of cross-linker utilized for cross-linking and a new strategy to XL-MS technology for comprehensively understanding the three-dimensional structure of proteins.The detection of adulterations in food powder products represents a high interest especially when it concerns the health of the consumers. The food industry is concerned by peanut adulteration since it is a major food allergen often used in transformed food products. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging is an emerging technology for food inspection. It was used in this work to detect peanut flour adulteration in wheat flour. The detection of peanut particles was challenging for two reasons the particle size is smaller than the pixel size leading to impure spectral profiles; peanut and wheat flour exhibit similar spectral signatures and variability. A Matched Subspace Detector (MSD) algorithm was designed to take these difficulties into account and detect peanut adulteration at the pixel scale using the associated spectrum. A set of simulated data was generated to overcome the lack of reference values at the pixel scale and to design appropriate MSD algorithms. The best designs were compared by estimating the detection sensitivity. Defatted peanut flour and wheat flour were mixed in eight different proportions (from 0.02% to 20%) to test the detection performances of the algorithm on real hyperspectral measurements. The number and positions of the detected pixels were investigated to show the relevancy of the results and validate the design of the MSD algorithm. The presented work proved that the use of hyperspectral imaging and a fine-tuned MSD algorithm enables to detect a global adulteration of 0.2% of peanut in wheat flour.According to the WHO classification criteria, the most common intracranial tumor gliomas can be divided into four grades based on their symptoms. Among them, Grade Ⅰ and Grade II are low-grade gliomas, and Grade III and Grade IV are high-grade gliomas. Because gliomas have a high lethal rate, they have received widespread attention in the medical field. Based on these circumstances, a rapid and facile surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method using silver nano particle-decorated silver nanorod (AgNPs@AgNR) as substrates were developed for the discrimination of gliomas. Compared with SERS-active silver nanoparticles and silver nanorod substrates, the prepared AgNPs@AgNR substrates showed an outstanding SERS performance with an enhancement factor up to 1.37 × 109. Combined AgNPs@AgNR substrate with principal component analysis (PCA), we achieved rapid discrimination of healthy brain tissue and gliomas at different grades. The spectra obtained from the tissue illustrate prominently spectral differences which can be applied to identify whether it came from a healthy region or from a glioma.