While we observed a similar reduction in supernatant concentration of IL-6 from N2a cells, the LPS-stimulated NO release was further augmented by UTBinh-14. These changes were accompanied by a small, but significant downregulation in UT-B expression in both cell types following incubation with LPS, which was not restored by UTBinh-14. Taken together, the current evidence implicates UT-B in regulation of inflammatory responses in microglia and neuronal-like cells. Moreover, our findings offer support for the further investigation of UT-B as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory conditions.A growing number of studies have shown that air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is closely associated with neuroinflammation in humans. Militarine, a glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalate compound isolated from Bletilla striata, has been found to exert significant neuroprotective effects. However, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of militarine on PM2.5-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of militarine against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity and its mechanism in BV-2 microglial cells. Our results revealed that pretreatment with 0.31-1.25 μg/mL militarine reversed the morphological changes caused by PM2.5 and decreased proinflammatory cytokine generation and gene expression in PM2.5-treated BV-2 cells. In particular, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, militarine markedly inhibited the upregulation of Toll-like receptor 4, Toll-like receptor 2, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels and reduced NF-κB pathway-associated protein expression. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that militarine suppressed NF-κB activity through inhibiting p65 nuclear translocation. Our data suggested that militarine alleviated neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells, possibly by inhibiting the expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines through the TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, militarine significantly reduced PM2.5-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell apoptosis and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨm). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that militarine played a protective role against PM2.5-induced damage in BV-2 cells by exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the isolated effects of nicotine on visual processing, namely contrast processing. Thirteen participants, aged 18-40 years, were enrolled in this double blind, randomized and pilot controlled trial involving nicotine gum administration (placebo, 2-mg and 4-mg doses). The participants' instruction was to detect the location of vertical gratings (0.2; 1.0; 3.3; 5.7; 8.8; 13.2 and 15.9 cycles per degree) when it was presented either left or right on the monitor screen. A repeated multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to analyse the results for the visual processing tasks. Bayesian analyses were also carried out considering maximum robustness to avoid bias. The findings that nicotine gum administration resulted in better contrast discrimination when compared to placebo gum (p < .001). More specifically, the 4-mg resulted in better visual sensitivity when compared to the 2-mg (p < .01) and the placebo (p < .001) gum. Demographic data were not related to the outcomes. These data bring the need for support the findings. If proved, it is possible that nicotine, in small doses, can have a potential therapeutic use for those populations with low vision. RBR-46tjy3.RBR-46tjy3.Today, the field of health is not limited to physical and mental health, but is related to all aspects of life, including spirituality. Spiritual health is so important that it is suggested as the fourth dimension of health, and in the near future, it will form part of the definition of health by the WHO. According to research in clinical psychology, in addition to spiritual health, another important issue in most psychotherapy theories is the issue of thinking. L-α-Phosphatidylcholine mw Given the importance of health and thinking, so far, no model has been presented in the field of the relationship between "thinking and health". So, the purpose of the present study is introducing a new model of healthy thinking based on human soul faculties. In this study, qualitative content analysis method has been used. Indicators of sensory and intellectual thinking have been noted within research results, which are the main components of the new model of thinking. In this type of thinking model, it is argued that all human beings have powers within them that can grow, which are referred to as the faculties of the soul. The level of thinking of individuals is determined by the level of each person's soul faculties. The lowest level is sensory perception and the highest level is intellectual perception. The more a person grows from the level of sensory thinking to the level of intellectual thinking, the sources of thought error decrease and the better the health of the thinking. Also, those who have a level of intellectual thinking have a higher level of spiritual health and the lifestyle of these people is health-oriented. This is a philosophical-psychological model in which indicators of sensory thinking and intellectual deviation have been extracted from theories and texts of psychology and philosophy. The results of this study can be used in psychotherapy because research has shown that thinking, especially healthy thinking, has a very effective role in mental health and a healthy lifestyle as well as treatment of disorders.The issue of religiosity and spirituality and their measurement are quite well developed fields in the psychology of religion. However, the literature shows a lack of research tools to measure the religious experience of the feeling of abandonment by God among followers of the Catholic religion. The purpose of this article is to fulfill this gap through the presentation of the notion of 'God abandonment', and its operationalization, by constructing the Scale of Abandonment by God SAG (Skala Opuszczenia Przez Boga-SOPB). The psychometric value of the tool was evaluated, that is the reliability and validity. In order to achieve this goal, three stages of instrument development (item generation, scale development, and instrument testing) were undertaken in three studies. Stage 1 The pilot study concerned the development of positive statements about the concept of the Catholic experience of God (i.e., the subjective feeling of the experience of God's abandonment in the life of a contemporary person, as well as showing to what extent this belief can affect some aspects of his/her life).