Lignans are the main secondary metabolites synthetized by Linum species as plant defense compounds but they are also valuable for human health, in particular, for novel therapeutics. In this work, Linum austriacum in vitro cultures, cells (Cc), adventitious roots (ARc) and hairy roots (HRc) were developed for the production of justicidin B through elicitation with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and coronatine (COR). The performances of the cultures were evaluated for their stability, total phenols content and antioxidant ability. NMR was used to identify justicidin B and isojusticidin B and HPLC to quantify the production, highlighting ARc and HRc as the highest productive tissues. PRT4165 chemical structure MeJA and COR treatments induced the synthesis of justicidin B more than three times and the synthesis of other compounds. RNA-sequencing and a de novo assembly of L. austriacum ARc transcriptome was generated to identify the genes activated by MeJA. Furthermore, for the first time, the intracellular localization of justicidin B in ARc was investigated through microscopic analysis. Then, HRc was chosen for small-scale production in a bioreactor. Altogether, our results improve knowledge on justicidin B pathway and cellular localization in L. austriacum for future scale-up processes.Tight junctions play a major role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the intestinal barrier. As such, they act as an ideal target for pathogens to promote their translocation through the intestinal mucosa and invade their host. Different strategies are used by pathogens, aimed at directly destabilizing the junctional network or modulating the different signaling pathways involved in the modulation of these junctions. After a brief presentation of the organization and modulation of tight junctions, we provide the state of the art of the molecular mechanisms leading to permeability breakdown of the gut barrier as a consequence of tight junctions' attack by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.Chitosan was used as a protective matrix for the photosensitive dye-squaraine (2,4-bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]cyclobutane-1,3-diol). The physicochemical properties of the obtained systems, both in solution and in a solid-state, were investigated. However, it was found that diluted chitosan solutions with a few percent additions of dye show an intense fluorescence, which is suppressed in the solid-state. This is related to the morphology of the heterogeneous modified chitosan films. The important advantage of using a biopolymer matrix is the prevention of dye degradation under the influence of high energy ultraviolet (UV) radiation while the dye presence improves the chitosan heat resistance. It is caused by mutual interactions between macromolecules and dye. Owing to the protective action of chitosan, the dye release in liquid medium is limited. Chitosan solutions with a few percent additions of squaraine can be used in biomedical imaging thanks to the ability to emit light, while chitosan films can be protective coatings resistant to high temperatures and UV radiation.(1) Background A non-progressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) phenotype caused by β-III spectrin (SPTBN2) mutations has emerged, mimicking spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive type 14 (SCAR14). The pattern of inheritance, however, resembles that of autosomal dominant classical spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5). (2) Methods In-depth phenotyping of two boys studied by a customized gene panel. Candidate variants were sought by structural modeling and protein expression. An extensive review of the literature was conducted in order to better characterize the SPTBN2-associated NPCA. (3) Results Patients exhibited an NPCA with hypotonia, developmental delay, cerebellar syndrome, and cognitive deficits. Both probands presented with progressive global cerebellar volume loss in consecutive cerebral magnetic resonance imaging studies, characterized by decreasing midsagittal vermis relative diameter measurements. Cortical hyperintensities were observed on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, suggesting a neurodegenerative process. Each patient carried a novel de novo SPTBN2 substitution c.193A > G (p.K65E) or c.764A > G (p.D255G). Modeling and protein expression revealed that both mutations might be deleterious. (4) Conclusions The reported findings contribute to a better understanding of the SPTBN2-associated phenotype. The mutations may preclude proper structural organization of the actin spectrin-based membrane skeleton, which, in turn, is responsible for the underlying disease mechanism.Relative macroglossia has been identified in brachycephalic compared to mesaticephalic dogs. This study assessed the tongue volume comparing three common brachycephalic breeds, including 30 French bulldogs, 30 pugs, and 15 English bulldogs. Computed tomography scans of intubated dogs with the hard palate suspended were examined for total tongue volume and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the tongue, oropharynx, soft palate, and nasopharyngeal airways at three levels 1, caudal tip of the hard palate; 2, caudal tip of the hamulus; 3 cranial to the basihyoid bone. Tongue volume normalized to bodyweight, was significantly higher in English and French bulldogs than in pugs. Normalized to skull length, CSA of the tongue was smaller in pugs than in French and English bulldogs. At level 3, French bulldogs had larger oropharyngeal CSA than English bulldogs and pugs. Soft palate CSA was the largest in English bulldogs at level 3. At levels 1 and 2, soft palate and nasopharyngeal CSA was the smallest in pugs. At level 3, French bulldogs had higher total airway/soft tissue ratios than pugs. The smaller tongue volume in pugs questions the accuracy of the term macroglossia in this breed and these findings should be considered if surgical correction is sought.Background Outdoor smoke-free policies (SFPs) at sports clubs represent an important new area of tobacco control, as many people, including youth, spend a large portion of their free time participating in sports. Nevertheless, the majority of sports clubs worldwide still have not adopted an outdoor SFP. The aim of this study is to explore the perceptions of key stakeholders at different Dutch sports clubs concerning the adoption of an outdoor SFP. Methods Semi-structured interviews were held with 41 key stakeholders at seven Dutch sports clubs (in field hockey, football, tennis, or korfball) without an outdoor SFP. A thematic approach was used to analyze the data. Results The majority of respondents reported considerations that were favorable towards adoption of an outdoor SFP, including expected support from club members, changing social norms with regard to smoking, and few members who smoke. Most of all, respondents valued the protection of children from the harmful effects of smoking. However, they also foresaw a number of problems in case of adoption, including impaired social functioning of the sports club, problems with compliance and enforcement, conflict with smokers' interest, and low priority in club management.