Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, reversed the anti-glucolipotoxic and anti-apoptotic effects of urolithin A. These findings suggest that urolithin A protects against glucolipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells by inducing activation of autophagy.These findings suggest that urolithin A protects against glucolipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells by inducing activation of autophagy. Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. complex has numerous medicinal uses amongst the sub-Saharan African populace, including treatment for bronchospasm. This study focused on providing scientific rationale for the traditional use of the extracts of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus. T. camphoratus L. complex has been published under diverse names by various taxonomists. Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus was one of the newly described taxa, leaving Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. sens. strict. Revumenib MLL inhibitor as a homogenous taxon. However, some of the morphological characters used tend to overlap, making it difficult to identify the different taxa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bronchodilatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties of the leaves of T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus. This study also aimed to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the differences between T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) with vanillin as visualizing agent was used to qualittraditional use of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus in managing bronchospasm.The results obtained from this study showed that the studied plant extracts had bronchodilatory effects on contracted guinea pig trachea and could also inhibit the production of free radicals including superoxide anions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the bronchodilatory activity of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus. The micromorphological studies were useful in distinguishing between the two species, confirming that T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus are different taxa. This study provides evidence to support the traditional use of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus in managing bronchospasm. The conventional naturopaths of Punjab Province (Pakistan) have trivial usage of Anagallis arvensis Linn.(Primulaceae) for cure of diarrhea, constipation, asthma as well as hypertension. Present research was focused to discover comprehensive mechanism of spasmogenic, spasmolytic, bronchorelaxant and hypotensive folkloric usage of Anagallis arvensis Linn.. The crude extract of Anagallis arvensis Linn. (Aa.Cr) & its (aqueous & organic) portions tested in-vitro on isolated jejunum, ileum, trachea, aorta, paired atria preparations as well as in-vivo in mice & normotensive anaesthetized rats. The responses have been noted by transducers (isotonic & isometric) coupled to Power Lab. Anagallis arvensis Linn. (Aa.Cr; crude aqueous-alcoholic extract) produced contractile action at low concentrations but relaxant action was observed by increasing concentrations on spontaneous contractions of isolated jejunum of rabbit. But, pre-treatment of tissue with atropine prior extract caused suppression ofited anti-diarrheal action in mice against castor oil prompted diarrhea and also mitigated distance covered by charcoal meal in gastrointestinal tract in a manner comparable with loperamide. These results revealed presence of CCB and selective muscarinic agonist activity in Aa.Cr, hence validating folkloric practice of Anagallis arvensis Linn. in diarrhea, constipation, asthma & hypertension.These results revealed presence of CCB and selective muscarinic agonist activity in Aa.Cr, hence validating folkloric practice of Anagallis arvensis Linn. in diarrhea, constipation, asthma & hypertension. Licorice has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of gastric, liver, and respiratory disease conditions for more than two thousand years. It is a major component of several Chinese patent medicines certificated by National Medical Products Administration that possess great anticancer activities. To comprehensively summarize the anticancer activities of licorice flavonoids, explain the underlying molecular mechanisms, and assess their therapeutic potentials and side-effects. PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, Google Scholar, academic journals, and Science Direct were used as information sources, with the key words of "anticancer", "licorice", "flavonoids", and their combinations, mainly from 2000 to 2019. Sixteen licorice flavonoids are found to possess anticancer activities. These flavonoids inhibit cancer cells through blocking cell cycle and regulating multiple signaling pathways. The major pathways targeted by licorice flavonoids include the MAPK pathway, PI3K/AKT pand possible toxicities. It is also imperative to evaluate the effects of licorice flavonoids on the metabolism of other drugs and explore the potential synergistic mechanism.In Japan, all 3-year-old children undergo a three-step municipal vision screening that includes home-based screening, secondary screening at a health center, and comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, if warranted. We investigated whether screening by a certified orthoptist (CO) could improve the detection of visual dysfunctions, including amblyopia. Three-year-olds in Nobeoka City were invited to undergo primary and secondary screenings from April 2008 to March 2011. COs performed the secondary screening tests; children with a positive secondary screening received a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination. Of the 3,303 eligible children, 98 were positive on detailed examination. Of these, 25% were classified as false-negatives. Eight children with amblyopia in the false-negative group accounted for 24% of all 33 amblyopia cases detected on detailed examination. To investigate the likelihood of surgeons performing lower blepharoplasties having cases of diplopia persisting for more than 1week after surgery. An anonymous survey (13 questions) on the frequency and characteristics of persistent diplopia (lasting >1week) after lower blepharoplasty was sent to members of the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Of 703 members, 371 (52.8%) responded to the survey. Of these, 86 (23.2%) had at least 1 case of persistent diplopia following lower blepharoplasty. Complete data were available for 84 of the 86 physicians. The inferior oblique muscle was involved in 51 cases (61%), the inferior rectus muscle in 7 cases (8%), both the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles in 4 cases (5%), and the muscle involved was not identified in 22 patients (26%). The diplopia was paretic in 49 patients (58%) and restrictive in 35 (42%). The diplopia persisted in primary position in 7 patients (8%), in gaze positions other than primary position in 16 patients (19%), and resolved completely in 61 patients (73%).