Comparisons between healthy and glaucoma subjects could not be made robustly due to a small sample size. Conclusions We have developed a methodology to assess the biomechanical properties of human ONH tissues in vivo and provide preliminary comparisons in healthy and OHT subjects. Our proposed methodology may be of interest for glaucoma management.Context Medical education institutions often use community-based sites and preceptors during students' third and fourth years for clinical training. However, differences in the sites, preceptors, assessment methods, and students may result in variations in clinical training, potentially affecting educational outcomes. During clerkships at A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, all students are evaluated by several methods for each required clerkship course. Required assessments include the clinical preceptor's evaluation, online coursework specific to each clerkship, patient log documentation, and the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Achievement Test (COMAT) relevant to that clerkship. Objective To evaluate which methods of student assessment in a family medicine clerkship course were most predictive of the future success of students on national standardized examinations. Methods Third-year osteopathic medical students from a single class who had completed the Comprehensive Osteopatween preceptor evaluation (total score and subscore on medical knowledge) and all assessed national standardized examinations (r=0.20-0.34, all P less then .049). Conclusion Our results suggest that analysis of predictor variables in clerkship courses can reasonably predict success on national standardized examinations and may be useful for early identification of struggling students who may need additional support to perform well on the examinations.Importance It is not clear whether psychotherapies for depression have comparable effects across the life span. Finding out is important from a clinical and scientific perspective. Objective To compare the effects of psychotherapies for depression between different age groups. Data Sources Four major bibliographic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched for trials comparing psychotherapy with control conditions up to January 2019. Study Selection Randomized trials comparing psychotherapies for depression with control conditions in all age groups were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Effect sizes (Hedges g) were calculated for all comparisons and pooled with random-effects models. Differences in effects between age groups were examined with mixed-effects subgroup analyses and in meta-regression analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures Depressive symptoms were the primary outcome. Results After removing duplicates, 16 756 records were screened and 2608 full-text articles were screen1-0.82) and those in older old adults (g = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.42-1.52). The outcomes should be considered with caution because of the suboptimal quality of most of the studies and the high levels of heterogeneity. However, most primary findings proved robust across sensitivity analyses, addressing risk of bias, target populations included, type of therapy, diagnosis of mood disorder, and method of data analysis. Conclusions and Relevance Trials included in this meta-analysis reported effect sizes of psychotherapies that were smaller in children than in adults, probably also smaller in adolescents, that the effects may be somewhat larger in young adults, and without meaningful differences between middle-aged adults, older adults, and older old adults.OBJECTIVE Although research shows that abnormal scores are common in adults, fewer studies examine the frequency of abnormal scores within children. The present study assessed how specific tests, cognitive domains, and patient factors affect the likelihood of abnormally low scores among healthy youth athletes. METHODS Youth athletes (n = 85, Mage = 11.72, SD = 2.23) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery (N = 23 tests) during baseline testing for a sport-related concussion clinical research program. "Abnormal" scores were defined using cutoffs at 1, 1.5, and 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the population mean. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models examined abnormal test scores as a function of age, sex, ethnicity, and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). RESULTS Using cutoffs of 1, 1.5, and 2 SDs, the percent of healthy participants with at least one abnormal test score was 61.2, 36.5, and 22.4%, respectively, indicating a high proportion of healthy participants with abnormal scores and low specificity for tests using these cutoffs. In univariate Poisson regression analyses, FSIQ and abnormal score were negatively correlated (p  less then  .001), wherein lower FSIQ was associated with more abnormal scores. In multivariate regression analyses, lower performance on executive function, memory, and processing speed tests was significantly associated with an increased frequency of abnormal scores. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally low scores in healthy youth occur frequently and do not necessarily represent functional deficits. Cutoffs of 2 SDs should be considered for many tests to increase specificity and reduce the risk of false positive errors that could lead to negative clinical outcomes. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Importance Information about how risk for bipolar disorder is transmitted across generations and how parental risk for bipolar disorder relates to their children's risk for schizophrenia and major depression is limited. Objective To evaluate the sources of parent-offspring transmission of bipolar disorder and its familial cross-generational association with schizophrenia and major depression. Design, Setting, and Participants Parents and offspring (born 1960-1990) from 4 family types were ascertained from Swedish national samples intact (offspring, n = 2 175 259), not-lived-with biological father (n = 152 436), lived-with stepfather (n = 73 785), and adoptive (n = 15 624). Data analysis was conducted from October 28, 2019, to January 8, 2020. IWR-1-endo Exposures Three sources of parent-offspring resemblance genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only. Main Outcomes and Measures Diagnosis of bipolar disorder, broad schizophrenia (ie, schizophrenia as a 3-level variable unaffected, nonaffective psychosis, and schizophrenia) and major depression obtained from Swedish national registries.