Further, balanced CD8 (Tc1/Tc17) and CD4 (Th1/Th17) recall responses were linked to effective influenza virus control. These studies provide mechanistic insights into vaccine-induced pulmonary T cell immunity and pave the way for the development of a universal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Investigating the dynamics of virus-host interactions in vivo remains an important challenge, often limited by the ability to directly identify virally infected cells. Here, we utilize a beta-lactamase activated fluorescent substrate to identify primary targets of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection in the peritoneal cavity. By optimizing substrate and detection conditions, we were able to achieve multiparameter characterization of infected cells and the ensuing host response. MHV68 infection leads to a pronounced increase in immune cells, with CD8+ T cells increasing by 3 days, and total infiltrate peaking around 8 days post-infection. MHV68 infection results in near elimination of large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs) by 8 days post-infection, and a concordant increase in small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs) and monocytes. Infection is associated with prolonged changes to myeloid cells, with a distinct population of MHC IIhigh LPMs emerging by 14 days. Targets of MHV68 infection could be readily detected. Between 1 and 3 days post-infection, MHV68 infects ∼5-10% of peritoneal cells, with >75% being LPMs. By 8 days post-infection, the frequency of MHV68 infection is reduced at least 10-fold, with infection primarily in SPMs, with few infected dendritic cells and B cells. Importantly, limiting dilution analysis indicates that at 3 days post-infection, the majority of MHV68-infected cells harbor latent rather than lytic virus at frequencies consistent with those identified based on reporter gene expression. Our findings demonstrate the utility of the beta-lactamase MHV68 reporter system for high throughput single-cell analysis and identify dynamic changes during primary gammaherpesvirus infection.[This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01256.].Inonotus rickii (Pat.) Reid (Agaricomycetes Hymenochaetaceae) is a poroid fungus characterized by the expressive production of chlamydospores, in vivo and in vitro, especially during its anamorphic stage. The species plays important ecological roles, standing out as a phytopathogen, affecting several species of ornamental and wild trees, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. The infected trees develop canker and white rot of the wood, showing symptoms of reduced vegetative vigor and decline of leaves and branches which causes death in some cases. The first record of I. rickii for the Cerrado biome (Brazilian Savanna) and the first record as causal agent of canker in Schinus molle L. in Brazil is reported here. In addition, we present a checklist of its worldwide geographical distribution and known hosts, from an extensive bibliographic search in Google Scholar, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The species is widespread in tropical and subtropical zones; common in the American continent, especially in Central and South America and the Mediterranean region, and rare in temperate zones. We found specimens growing in both living and dead hosts, totalizing 70 species of hosts, distributed in 43 genera and 22 families. Of these, Acer negundo L. (10.5%), Celtis australis L. (6.5%), and Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd. (4.8%), and the Fabaceae (30%), Fagaceae (10%), and Sapindaceae (8.6%) families were the most frequent. We present morphological descriptions and illustrations, as well as the growth characteristics in culture medium. Our study expands the known geographical distribution of I. rickii, including the Cerrado biome, as well as its structural, physiological characteristics, and its hosts.HIV-1 infectivity is achieved through virion maturation. Virus particles undergo structural changes via cleavage of the Gag polyprotein mediated by the viral protease, causing the transition from an uninfectious to an infectious status. click here The majority of proviruses in people living with HIV-1 treated with combination antiretroviral therapy are defective with large internal deletions. Defective proviral DNA frequently preserves intact sequences capable of expressing viral structural proteins to form virus-like particles whose maturation status is an important factor for chronic antigen-mediated immune stimulation and inflammation. Thus, novel methods to study the maturation capability of defective virus particles are needed to characterize their immunogenicity. To build a quantitative tool to study virion maturation in vitro, we developed a novel single virion visualization technique based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). We inserted an optimized intramolecular CFP-YPF FRET donor-acceptor pair bridged with an HIV-1 protease cleavage sequence between the Gag MA-CA domains. This system allowed us to microscopically distinguish mature and immature virions via their FRET signal when the FRET donor and acceptor proteins were separated by the viral protease during maturation. We found that approximately 80% of the FRET labeled virus particles were mature with equivalent infectivity to wild type. The proportion of immature virions was increased by treatment of virus producer cells with a protease inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner, which corresponded to a relative decrease in infectivity. Potential areas of application for this tool are assessing maturation efficiency in different cell type settings of intact or deficient proviral DNA integrated cells. We believe that this FRET-based single-virion imaging platform will facilitate estimating the impact on the immune system of both extracellular intact and defective viruses by quantifying the Gag maturation status.Vibrio vulnificus is a well-known opportunistic pathogen causing food-borne illnesses by ingestion of contaminated seafood. A new strain of V. vulnificus FORC_016 was isolated from a patient's blood sample in South Korea. The genome consists of two circular DNA chromosomes chromosome I (3,234,424 bp with a G + C contents of 46.60% containing 2,889 ORFs, 106 tRNA genes, and 31 rRNA genes) and chromosome II (1,837,945 bp with a GC content of 47.00% containing 1,572 ORFs, 13 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes). In addition, chromosome I has a super integron (SI) containing 209 ORFs, which is probably associated with various additional functions including antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. Pan-genome analysis with other V. vulnificus genomes revealed that core genome regions contain most of the important virulence factors. However, accessory genome regions are located in the SI region and contain unique genes regarding cell wall biosynthesis and generation of host cell protecting capsule, suggesting possible resistance ability against environmental stresses.